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| 1 | Dementia and osteoporosis in a geriatric population: Is there a common link?显示文摘AIM To determine the existence of a common pathological link between dementia and osteoporosis through reviewing the current evidence base. METHODS This paper reviews the current literature on osteoporosis and dementia in order to ascertain evidence of a common predisposing aetiology. A literature search of Ovid MEDLINE(1950 to June 2016) was conducted. The keywords 'osteoporosis', 'osteoporotic fracture', 'dementia' and 'Alzheimer's disease'(AD) were used to determine the theoretical links with the most significant evidence base behind them. The key links were found to be vitamins D and K, calcium, thyroid disease, statins, alcohol and sex steroids. These subjects were then searched in combination with the previous terms and the resulting papers manually examined. Theoretical, in vitro and in vivo research were all used to inform this review which focuses on the most well developed theoretical common causes for dementia(predominantly Alzheimer's type) and osteoporosis.RESULTS Dementia and osteoporosis are multifaceted disease processes with similar epidemiology and a marked increase in prevalence in elderly populations. The existence of a common link between the two has been suggested despite a lack of clear pathological overlap in our current understanding. Research to date has tended to be fragmented and relatively weak in nature with multiple confounding factors reflecting the difficulties of in vivo experimentation in the population of interest. Despite exploration of various possible mechanisms in search for a link between the two pathologies, this paper found that it is possible that these associations are coincidental due to the nature of the evidence available. One finding in this review is that prior investigation into common aetiologies has found raised amyloid beta peptide levels in osteoporotic bone tissue, with a hypothesis that amyloid beta disorders are systemic disorders resulting in differing tissue manifestations. However, our findings were that the most compelling evidence of a common yet independent aetiology lies in the APOE4 allele, which is a well-established risk for AD but also carries an independent association with fracture risk. The mechanism behind this is thought to be the reduced plasma vitamin K levels in individuals exhibiting the APOE4 allele which may be amplified by the nutritional deficiencies associated with dementia, which are known to include vitamins K and D. The vitamin theory postulates that malnutrition and reduced exposure to sunlight in patients with AD leads to vitamin deficiencies. CONCLUSION Robust evidence remains to be produced regarding potential links and regarding the exact aetiology of these diseases and remains relevant given the burden of dementia and osteoporosis in our ageing population. Future research into amyloid beta, APOE4 and vitamins K and D as the most promising aetiological links should be welcomed. | Candice L Downey Adam Young Emily F Burton Simon M Graham Robert J Macfarlane Eva-Maria Tsapakis Eleftherios Tsiridis | 2017 | World Journal of Orthopedics2017，8，5： | 6 |
| 2 | Oogenesis in teleosts:How fish eggs are formed显示文摘 | Esther Lubzens Graham Young Julien Robe | 2010 | General and Comparative Endocrinology2010，165，： | 1 |
| 3 | Combined anterior and posterior inguinal hernia repair:intermediate recurrence rates with three groups of surgeons显示文摘 | Gilbert AI Young J Graham MF | 2004 | Hernia2004，8，3： | 1 |
| 4 | Closer to an ideal solution for inguinal hernia repair:comparison between general surgeons and hernia specialists显示文摘 | Gilbert AI Graham MF Young J | | 0，，： | 1 |
| 5 | 'Experimental Investigation of Rotorcraft Hub and Shaft Fairing Drag Re- duction显示文摘 | Young L A Graham D R Stroub R H | 1987 | Aircraft1987，24，12： | 1 |
| 6 | Combined anterior and posterior inguinal hernia repair intermediate recurrence rates with three groups of surgeons显示文摘 | Gilbert AI Young J Graham MF | 2004 | Hernia2004，8，3： | 1 |
| 7 | Tuberculosis Vaccines显示文摘 | Douglas B Young Graham R Stewart | 2002 | British Medical Bulletin2002，62，： | 1 |
| 8 | Prevalence and Associated Features of the Cold Hemiplegic Arm显示文摘 | Peter Wanklyn Anne Forster John Young Graham Mulley | 1995 | Stroke A Journal of Cerebral Circulation1995，，10： | 1 |
| 9 | Cancer Risks for MLH 1 and MSH 2 Mutation Carriers显示文摘 | James G. Dowty Aung K. Win Daniel D. Buchanan Noralane M. Lindor Finlay A. Macrae Mark Clendenning Yoland C. Antill Stephen N. Thibodeau Graham Casey Steve Gallinger Loic Le Marchand Polly A. Newcomb Robert W. Haile Graeme P. Young Paul A. James Graham G. | 2013 | Human Mutation2013，，3： | 1 |
| 10 | Combined anterior and posterior inguinal hernia repair: intermediate recurrence rates with three groups of surgeans显示文摘 | Gilbert AI Young J Graham MF | 2004 | Hernia2004，8，3： | 1 |
| 11 | Combined an- terior and posterior inguinal hernia repair:intermediate recurrence rates with three groups of surgeons显示文摘 | GILBERT AL YOUNG J GRAHAM MF | 2004 | Herina2004，8，3： | 1 |
| 12 | Quality Assessment and Correlation of Microsatellite Instability and Immunohistochemical Markers among Population- and Clinic-Based Colorectal Tumors显示文摘 | Mine S. Cicek Noralane M. Lindor Steven Gallinger Bharati Bapat John L. Hopper Mark A. Jenkins Joanne Young Daniel Buchanan Michael D. Walsh Loic Le Marchand Terrilea Burnett Polly A. Newcomb William M. Grady Robert W. Haile Graham Casey Sarah J. Plummer | 2011 | The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics2011，，3： | 1 |
| 13 | Management of recurrent inguinal hernias显示文摘 | Gilbert AI Graham MF Young J | 2009 | J Am Coil Surg2009，209，5： | 1 |
| 14 | Combined anterior and posterior inguinal hernia repair: intermediate recurrence rates with three groups of surgeons 显示文摘 | Gilbert AI Young J Graham MF | 2004 | Hernia2004，8，3： | 1 |
| 15 | Tuberculosis vaccines显示文摘 | Douglas B Young Graham R Stewart | 2002 | British Medical Bulletin2002，62，： | 1 |
| 16 | Combined anterior and posterior inguinal hernia repair: Intermediate recurrence rates with three groups of surgeons显示文摘 | Gilbert AI Young J Graham MF | 2004 | Hernia2004，8，3： | 1 |
| 17 | Prediction of antibiotic resistance using Neisseriagonorrhoec: multi-antigen sequence typing 显示文摘 | Palmer HM Young H Graham C | 2008 | Sex Transm Infect2008，84，4： | 1 |
| 18 | Molybdenum X-ray absorption edges from 200 to 20,000<ce:hsp sp='0.25'/>eV: The benefits of soft X-ray spectroscopy for chemical speciation显示文摘 | Simon J. George Owen B. Drury Juxia Fu Stephan Friedrich Christian J. Doonan Graham N. George Jonathan M. White Charles G. Young Stephen P. Cramer | 2008 | Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry2008，，2： | 1 |
| 19 | Management of recurrent inguinal hernias显示文摘 | Gilbert AI Graham MF Young J | 2010 | J Am Coll Surg2010，10，3： | 1 |
| 20 | Tuberculosis vaccines显示文摘 | Douglas B Young Graham R Stewart | 2002 | British Medical Bulletin2002，62，： | 1 |
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