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| 1 | Combination drug regimens for metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma显示文摘Renal cell carcinomas(RCC)make up about 90%of kidney cancers,of which 80%are of the clear cell subtype.About 20%of patients are already metastatic at the time of diagnosis.Initial treatment is often cytoreductive nephrectomy,but systemic therapy is required for advanced RCC.Single agent targeted therapies are moderately toxic and only somewhat effective,leading to development of immunotherapies and combination therapies.This review identifies limitations of monotherapies for metastatic renal cell carcinoma,discusses recent advances in combination therapies,and highlights therapeutic options under development.The goal behind combining various modalities of systemic therapy is to potentiate a synergistic antitumor effect.However,combining targeted therapies may cause increased toxicity.The initial attempts to create therapeutic combinations based on inhibition of the vascular endothelial growth factor or mammalian target of rapamycin pathways were largely unsuccessful in achieving a profile of increased synergy without increased toxicity.To date,five combination therapies have been approved by the U.S.Food and Drug Administration,with the most recently approved therapies being a combination of checkpoint inhibition plus targeted therapy.Several other combination therapies are under development,including some in the phase 3 stage.The new wave of combination therapies for metastatic RCC has the potential to increase response rates and improve survival outcomes while maintaining tolerable side effect profiles. | Viraj V Khetani Daniella E Portal Mansi R Shah Tina Mayer Eric A Singer | 2020 | World Journal of Clinical Oncology2020，11，8： | 2 |
| 2 | Tunneling显示文摘 | Johnson S La Portal R | 2000 | American Economic Review2000，90，2： | 1 |
| 3 | Long term progno sis of hypertension in pregnancy显示文摘 | Matin R Gorostidi M Portal CG etal | 2000 | Hypertens Pregnancy2000，19，2： | 1 |
| 4 | Preoperative lower esophageal sphincter pressure affects outcome of laparoscopic esophageal myotomy for achalasia显示文摘 | Mustafa A Arain Jeffrey H Peters Anan P Tamhankar Giuseppe Portale Gideon Almogy Steven R DeMeester Peter F Crookes Jeffrey A Hagen Cedric G Bremner Tom R DeMeester | 2004 | Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery2004，，3： | 1 |
| 5 | Pathogenesis of secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic renal insufficiency显示文摘 | CURTIS MORRIS R | 1991 | Miner Electrolyte Metab1991，17，： | 1 |
| 6 | Dynamic asset allocation for stocks, bonds, and cash 显示文摘 | Bajeux- Besnainou I Jordan J V Portal R | 2003 | The Journal of Business2003，76，2： | 1 |
| 7 | Contact Detection Between Convex Superquadric Surfaces 显示文摘 | Portal R Dias J De Sousa L | 2010 | The Archive of Mechanical Engineering (S2300-1985)2010，，2： | 1 |
| 8 | Bone properties and mus- cle strength of young haemophilia patients 显示文摘 | FALK B PORTAL S TIKTINSKY R | 2005 | Haemophilia2005，11，： | 1 |
| 9 | Elemental sulfur at the pyrite surfaces:speciation and quantification显示文摘 | Toniazzo V Mustin C Portal J M Humbert B Benoit R Erre R | 1999 | Applied Surface Science1999，143，3： | 1 |
| 10 | Functionalization of styrene-butadiene-styrene triblock copolymer (SBS) with maleic anhydride显示文摘 | Maurano C H F Portal L L Neto R B | 2001 | Polymer Bulletin2001，46，： | 1 |
| 11 | Long-term prognosis of hypertension in pregnancy显示文摘 | Gorostidi M Portal CG | 2000 | Hypertens Pregnancy2000，19，： | 1 |
| 12 | Legal determinants of external finance显示文摘 | PORTAL R LOPEZ-DE-SILANCE F SHLEIFER A | 1997 | Journal of Finance1997，52，： | 1 |
| 13 | Corporate Ownership around the World显示文摘 | PORTAL R LOPEZ-DE-SILANCE F SHLEIFER A | 1999 | Journal of Finance1999，54，： | 1 |
| 14 | 查看详情显示文摘 | Nicholas R J Brummell M A Portal J C Cheng K Y Cho A Y Pearsall T P | | 0，，： | 1 |
| 15 | Report of the Baveno Ⅳ consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in portal hypertension显示文摘 | Ue Franchis R Evolving consensus in portal hypertension | 2005 | Hepatol2005，43，1： | 1 |
| 16 | Long - term prognosis of hypertension in pregnancy hypertension 显示文摘 | Marin R Gorostidi M Portal CG | 2000 | Hypertension in Pregnancy2000，19，2： | 1 |
| 17 | A placebo-controlled clinical trial of nadolol in the prophylaxis of growth of small esophageal varices in cirrhosis显示文摘 | Merkel C Marin R Angeli P Gruppo Triveneto per l' lpertensione Portale | 2004 | Gastroenterology2004，127，2： | 1 |
| 18 | Beta-blockers to prevent gastroesophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis显示文摘 | Groszmann R J Garcia-Tsao G Bosch J Portal Hypertension Collaborative Group | 2005 | N Engl J Med2005，353，21： | 1 |
| 19 | Functionalization of styrene-butadiene-styrene(SBS) triblock copolymer with maleic anhydride显示文摘 | Maurano C H Portal L L Neto R B | 2001 | Polymer Bulletin2001，46，6： | 1 |
| 20 | Synthesis of nanocrystallinelayered manganese oxides by the electrochemical reduction of AMnO4(A=K,Li)显示文摘 | Moore G J Portal R Salle L G | 2001 | Power Sources2001，9798，： | 1 |
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