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1实验研究中的调节变量和中介变量显示文摘调节变量和中介变量是社会科学研究中的重要概念,已有研究多是从统计计算方法角度描述和检验这两种变量的作用。以消费心理学领域的实例来阐述调节变量、中介变量、有中介的调节、有调节的中介,试图让读者从实验研究角度认识和理解调节变量和中介变量的理论构建、测量和检验。张莉 Wan Fang 林与川 Qiu Pingping 2011管理科学2011,24,1:48
2Studies on the integration of hepatitis B virus DNA sequence in human sperm chromosomes显示文摘Aim:To study the integration of hepatitis Bvirus(HBV)DNAinto sperm chromosomes in hepatitsBpatients and the features of its integration.Methods:Sperm chromosomes of 14subjects(5healthy controls and9HBpatients,including1acute hepatitis B,2chronic active hepatitisB,4chronic persistent hepatitsB,2HBsAg chronic carriers with no clinical symptoms)were prepared using imterspecific in vitro fertilization between zona-free hamster oocytes and human spermatozoa.Fluosescence in situ hybridization(FISH)to sperm chromosome spreads was carried out with biotin-labeled full length HBVDNAprobe to detect the specificHBVDNA sequences in the sperm chromosomes.Results:Specific fluorescent signal spots for HBVDNAwere seen iv sperm chromosomes of one patient with chronic persistent hepatitisB.In9(9/42)sperm chromosome complements containing fluorescent signal spots,one presented5obvious FISHspots and the others2to4signals.The fluorescence intensity showed significant difference among the signal spots.The distribution of signal sites among chromosomes seems to be random.Con clusion:HBV could integrate into human sperm chromosomes.Results suggest that the possibility of vertical transmission of HBVvia the germ line tothe next generation is present.Jian-Min HUANG~(1,*), Tian-Hua HUANG~1, Huan-Ying QIU~2, Xiao-Wu FANG~1, Tian-Gang ZHUANG~1, Jie-Wen QIU~3 ~1Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, Shantou University Medical College ~2Shantou University Hospital ~3Department of Infectious Disease of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, China 2002Asian Journal of Andrology2002,4,3:49
3Digital medical technology based on 64-slice computed tomography in hepatic surgery显示文摘有计算机技术的快速的开发的背景,数字药在外科成为了一个新方向。在肝的外科的数字药的申请仍然在在文学报导的早阶段和更少。这研究的目的是在肝的外科的上下文使用数字医药技术。从 64 片的方法数据 17 个病人的螺旋状的计算断层摄影术,与 hepatocellular 癌包括 13 并且 4 与肝的 hemangioma,被进口进独立地发达的医药图象软件节目,分割和三维的重建被执行。三维的模型然后与形式自由的建模系统被处理。我们使用了虚拟外科的仪器在模型上执行外科。模仿的手术包括了六肝的 segmentectomies,四左 hemihepatectomies,为 hepatocellular 癌的三正确 hemihepatectomies,一肝的 segmentectomy,二脱衣手术,和不规则的 segmentectomy 与为 hemangioma 剥去外科相结合的 segmentectomies。为包含超过三个肝的片断,总数和剩余的切除术,功能的肝的体积在模拟外科前后被测量,并且切除术比率是模型的解剖是的 calculated.Results 不同并且被用来本地化损害。我们使用了虚拟外科的仪器执行模仿的手术并且使用了模型优化实际手术。我们能象数字医药技术是的外科的 risk.Conclusions 一样最小化切除术体积在肝的疾病的诊断并且在优化外科的计划有用。三维的模型能减少外科的风险和帮助阻止手术后的肝的失败。FANG Chi-hua HUANG Yan-peng CHEN Mian-ling LU Chao-min LI Xiao-feng QIU Wen-feng 2010Chinese Medical Journal2010,,9:29
4Transduction of Fas gene or Bcl-2 antisense RNA sensitizes cultured drug resistant gastric cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs显示文摘INTRODUCTIONChemotherapyisoneofthemajormethodsintumortreatment,butitoftendoesnotworkduetomultidrugresistance(MDR).Recentstudi...XIAO Bing, SHI Yong Quan, ZHAO Yan Qiu, YOU Han, WANG Zuo You, LIU Xian Ling, YIN Fang, QIAO Tai Dong and FAN Dai Ming 1998World Journal of Gastroenterology1998,4,5:24
5A novel gene delivery system targeting cells expressing VEGF receptors显示文摘Two ligand oligopeptides GV1 and GV2 were designed according to the putative binding region of VEGF to its receptors. GV1, GV2 and endosome releasing oligopeptide HA20 were conjugated with poly-L-lysine or protamine and the resulting conjugates could interact with DNA in a noncovalent bond to form a complex. Using pSV2-β-galactosidase as a reporter gene, it has been demonstrated that exogenous gene was transferred into bovine aortic arch-derived endothelial cells (ABAE) andhuman malignant melanoma cell lines (A375) in vitro. In vivo experiments, exogenous gene was transferred into tumor vascular endothelial cells and tumor cells of subcutaneously transplanted human colon cancer LOVO, human malignant melanoma A375 and human hepatoma graft in nude mice. This system could also target gene to intrahepatically transplanted human hepatoma injected via portal vein in nude mice. These results are correlated with theGene delivery system targeting VEGF receptors relevant receptors (flt-1, flk-1/KDR) expression on the targeted cells and tissues.LI JUN MIN JUN SONG HAN YI HUANG PEI KUN TIAN SHU MIN QU MIN YAO HUI QIU JIANG DA FANG WAN JING CHU LUO CHENG XIAO GU JIAN REN GU( National Labomtory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032,China)(National Laboratory of 1999Cell Research1999,9,1:22
6The Reference Genome Sequence of Scutellaria baicalensis Provides Insights into the Evolution of Wogonin Biosynthesis显示文摘Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi is important in Chinese traditional medicine where preparations of dried roots,'Huang Qin,' are used for liver and lung complaints and as complementary cancer treatments. We report a high-quality reference genome sequence for S. baicalensis where 93% of the 408.14-Mb genome has been assembled into nine pseudochromosomes with a super-N50 of 33.2 Mb. Comparison of this sequence with those of closely related species in the order Lamiales, sesamum indicum and Salvia splendens,revealed that a specialized metabolic pathway for the synthesis of 4'-deoxyflavone bioactives evolved in the genus Scu-tellaria. We found that the gene encoding a specific cinnamate coenzyme A ligase likely obtained its newfunc- tion following recent mutations, and that four genes encoding enzymes in the 4'-deoxyflavone pathway are present as tandem repeats in the genome of S. baicalensis. Further analyses revealed that gene duplications, segmental duplication, gene amplification, and point mutations coupled to gene neo- and subfunctionaliza-tions were involved in the evolution of 4'-deoxyflavone synthesis in the genus Scutellaria. Our study not only provides significant insight into the evolution of specific flavone biosynthetic pathways in the mint family, Lamiaceae, but also will facilitate the development of tools for enhancing bioactive productivity by metabolic engineering in microbes or by molecular breeding in plants. The reference genome of S. baicalensis is also useful for improving the genome assemblies for other members of the mint family and offers an important foundation for decoding the synthetic pathways of bioactive compounds in medicinal plants.Qing Zhao Jun Yang Meng-Ying Cui Jie Liu Yumin Fang Mengxiao Yan Wenqing Qiu Huiwen Shang Zhicheng Xu Reheman Yidiresi Jing-Ke Weng Tomas Pluskal Marielle Vigouroux Burkhard Steuernagel Yukun Wei Lei Yang Yonghong Hu Xiao-Ya Chen Cathie Martin 2019Molecular Plant2019,12,7:23
7BMAL1 knockout macaque monkeys display reduced sleep and psychiatric disorders显示文摘Circadian disruption is a risk factor for metabolic, psychiatric and age-related disorders, and non-human primate models could help to develop therapeutic treatments. Here, we report the generation of BMAL1 knockout cynomolgus monkeys for circadian-related disorders by CRISPR/Cas9 editing of monkey embryos. These monkeys showed higher nocturnal locomotion and reduced sleep, which was further exacerbated by a constant light regimen. Physiological circadian disruption was reflected by the markedly dampened and arrhythmic blood hormonal levels. Furthermore, BMAL1-deficient monkeys exhibited anxiety and depression, consistent with their stably elevated blood cortisol, and defective sensory processing in auditory oddball tests found in schizophrenia patients. Ablation of BMAL1 up-regulated transcriptional programs toward inflammatory and stress responses, with transcription networks associated with human sleep deprivation, major depressive disorders, and aging. Thus, BMAL1 knockout monkeys are potentially useful for studying the physiological consequences of circadian disturbance, and for developing therapies for circadian and psychiatric disorders.Peiyuan Qiu Jian Jiang Zhen Liu Yijun Cai Tao Huang Yan Wang Qiming Liu Yanhong Nie Fang Liu Jiumu Cheng Qing Li Yun-Chi Tang Mu-ming Poo Qiang Sun Hung-Chun Chang 2019National Science Review2019,6,1:21
8Loss of heterozygosity on long arm of chromosome 22 in sporadic colorectal carcinoma显示文摘AIM: The loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on tumorsuppressor genes is believed to play a key role incarcinogenesis of colorectal cancer, In this study, weanalyzed the LOH at 5 loci on the long arm ofchromosome 22 in sporadic colorectal cancer to identifyadditional loci involved in colorectal tumorigenesis.METHODS: Five polymorphic microsatellite markerswere analyzed in 83 cases of colorectal and normal DNAby PCR. PCR products were eletrophoresed on an ABI377 DNA sequencer; Genescan 3.1 and Genotype 2.1software were used for LOH scanning and analysisComparison between LOH frequency andclinicopathological data were performed by x2 test. P<0.05 was considered as statistically significant.RESULTS: The average LOH frequency on chromosome22q was 28.38 %. The region between markersD22S280 and D22S274 (22q12.2-q13.33) exhibitedrelatively high LOH frequency. The two highest LOH lociwith frequencies of 35.09 % and 34.04 % wasidentified on D22S280 (22q12.2-12.3) and D22S274(22q13.32-13.33). 8 cases showed LOH at allinformative loci, suggesting that one chromosome 22qhad been completely lost. On D22S274 locus, LOHfrequency of rectal cancer was 50 % (9/18), which washigher than that of proximal colon cancer (12 %, 2/17) (P=0.018). The frequency of distal colon cancer was42 % (5/12), also higher than that of proximal coloncancer. But there was no statistical significance. Puttingboth the tumors in distal colon and rectum togetherinto consideration, the frequency, 47 % (14/30), washigher than that of proximal colon cancer (P=0.015),suggesting the mechanism of carcinogenisis wasdifferent in both groups.CONCLUSIONS: This study provided evidence for theinvolvement of putative tumor suppressor genes relatedto the sporadic colorectal carcinoma on chromosome22q. The tumor-suppressor-gene(s) might locate on the22q12.2-12.3 and/or 22q13.32-13.33.Chong-Zhi Zhou Zhi-Hai Peng Fang Zhang Guo-Qiang Qiu Department of General Surgery,Shanghai First People Hospital,Shanghai 200080,China Lin He Shanghai Institutes for Biological Science,Chinese Academy of Science,Shanghai 200031,China 2002World Journal of Gastroenterology2002,8,4:21
9Diffusion tensor imaging detects Wallerian degeneration of the corticospinal tract early after cerebral infarction显示文摘To investigate the feasibility and time window of early detection of Wallerian degeneration in the corticospinal tract after middle cerebral artery infarction,23 patients were assessed using magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging at 3.0T within 14 days after the infarction.The fractional anisotropy values of the affected corticospinal tract began to decrease at 3 days after onset and decreased in all cases at 7 days.The diffusion coefficient remained unchanged.Experimental findings indicate that diffusion tensor imaging can detect the changes associated with Wallerian degeneration of the corticospinal tract as early as 3 days after cerebral infarction.Ruiman Xie Min Fang Linjiang Zhou Shanghua Fan Jianying Liu Hongbo Quan Man Luo Dongying Qiu 2012Neural Regeneration Research2012,7,12:20
10Small intestinal hemolymphangioma with bleeding:A case report显示文摘Small intestinal hemolymphangioma is a very rare benign tumor.There was only one report of a hemolymphangioma of the pancreas invading to the duodenum until March 2011.Here we describe the first case of small intestinal hemolymphangioma with bleeding in a 57-year-old woman.She presented with persistent gastrointestinal bleeding and endoscopy revealed a small intestinal tumor.Partial resection of the small intestine was thus performed and the final pathological diagnosis was hemolymphangioma.We also highlight the difficultly in making an accurate preoperative diagnosis in spite of modern imaging techniques.To arrive at a definitive diagnosis and exclude malignancy,partial resection of the small intestine was considered to be the required treatment.Yan-Fei Fang Li-Feng Qiu Ying Du Zhi-Nong Jiang Min Gao 2012World Journal of Gastroenterology2012,18,17:20
11Gastrodin prevents steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head in rats by anti-apoptosis显示文摘Zheng Huifeng Yang Erping Peng Hao Li Jianping Chen Sen Zhou Jianlin Fang Hongsong Qiu Bo Wang Zhe 2014Chinese Medical Journal2014,,22:17
12Effect of anaphylatoxin C3a, C5a on the tubular epithelial-myofibroblast transdifferentiation in vitro显示文摘背景 Tubulointerstitial 肾的纤维变性是进步的肾疾病的普通结束点,并且管状的 epithelial-myofibroblast transdifferentiation ( TEMT )在 tubulointerstitial 的进步起一个关键作用肾的 fibrosis.Anaphylatoxin C3a 和 C5a 在肾的疾病并且作为这研究的潜在的新治疗学的 targets.The 目的作为新奇 profibrotic 因素被识别是调查是否 C3a , C5a 能由转变生长 factor-31 ( TGF-1 ) /connective 织物生长因素调整 TEMT 控制组, 10 ng/ml TGF-31 组, 50 nmol/L C5a 组,加 2.5 mol/L C5aRA 的 50 nmol/L C5a group.TGF-1 受体对手( TGF-1 RA ) 10 g/ml 被用来调查 导致C3a 、 导致C5a 的 TEMT.Electron 的机制显微镜学被用来观察染色的词法 changes.Immunocytochemistry ,即时 PCR 并且西方的弄污被用来检测光滑的肌肉肌动朊的表情( -SMA),E-cadherin,Col-I,C3a 受体( C3aR ), C5aR , CTGF 和与 C3a 和 C5a fo 有教养的 TGF-1.Results HK-2LIU Fang GOU Rong HUANG Jun FU Ping CHEN Feng FAN Wen-xing HUANG You-qun ZANG Li WU Min QIU Hong-yu WEI Da-peng 2011Chinese Medical Journal2011,,23:15
13Establishment and preliminery use of hepatitis Bvirus preS1/2 antigen assay显示文摘CHEN Kun, HAN Bao Guang, MA Xian Kai, ZHANG He Qiu, MENG Li, WANG Guo Hua, XIA Fang, SONG Xiao Guo and LING Shi Gan 1999World Journal of Gastroenterology1999,5,6:14
14Multiple hypointense vessels on susceptibility-weighted imaging predict early neurological deterioration in acute ischaemic stroke patients with severe intracranial large artery stenosis or occlusion receiving intravenous thrombolysis显示文摘background and purpose Early neurological deterioration(END)is a common feature in patients with acute ischaemic stroke(AIS)receiving thrombolysis.This study aimed to investigate whether the presence of multiple hypointense vessels(MHVs)on susceptibility-weighted imaging(SWI)could predict END in patients with the anterior circulation AIS treated with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator(r-tPA).Methods This was a retrospective study focusing on AIS patients suffering from symptomatic stenosis or occlusion of the middle cerebral artery or internal carotid artery with r-tPA treatment.We collected clinical variables and initial haematological and neuroimaging findings.MHVs were measured on SWI performed after intravenous thrombosis and were defined as the presence of a greater number of veins or veins of a larger diameter with greater signal loss on SWI than those of the contralesional haemisphere.The degree of hyperintensity of MHVs was classified into four grades:none,subtle,moderate and extensive.END was defined as an increase in the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score by 2 points during the first 48 hours after the onset of symptoms.Multivariate logistic regressions were conducted to investigate the predictors of END.results The study included 61 patients(51 males and 10 females)with a mean age of 62.4±12.6 years.Thirty-five(57.4%)patients presented with MHVs:8(13.1%)were graded as subtle MHVs,while 23(37.7%)and 4(6.6%)were graded as moderate or extensive MHVs,respectively.Twenty patients(32.8%)presented with END.Logistic regression analysis showed that compared with patients without MHVs,moderate MHVs(adjusted OR 5.446,95%CI 1.360 to 21.800;p=0.017)and extensive MHVs(adjusted OR 15.240,95%CI 1.200 to 193.544;p=0.036)were significantly associated with END.Conclusions MHVs might be a useful predictor of END in AIS patients with symptomatic large artery stenosis or occlusion after r-tPA treatment.Yong-Lin Liu Han-Peng Yin Dong-Hai Qiu Jian-Feng Qu Huo-Hua Zhong Zhi-Hao Lu Fang Wang Man-Qiu Liang Yang-Kun Chen 2020Stroke & Vascular Neurology2020,5,4:14
15Locoregional radiotherapy in patients with distant metastases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma at diagnosis显示文摘Systemic chemotherapy is the basic palliative treatment for metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma(NPC); however, it is not known whether locoregional radiotherapy targeting the primary tumor and regional lymph nodes affects the survival of patients with metastatic NPC. Therefore, we aimed to retrospectively evaluate the benefits of locoregional radiotherapy. A total of 408 patients with metastatic NPC were included in this study. The mortality risks of the patients undergoing supportive treatment and those undergoing chemotherapy were compared with that of patients undergoing locoregional radiotherapy delivered alone or in combination with chemotherapy. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted. The contributions of independent factors were assessed after adjustment for covariates with significant prognostic associations (P<0.05). Both locoregional radiotherapy and systemic chemotherapy were identified as significant independent prognostic factors of overall survival(OS). The mortality risk was similar in the group undergoing locoregional radiotherapy alone and the group undergoing systemic chemotherapy alone [multi-adjusted hazard ratio(HR)=0.9, P=0.529]; this risk was 60% lower than that of the group undergoing supportive treatment(HR=0.4, P=0.004) and 130% higher than that of the group undergoing both systemic chemotherapy and locoregional radiotherapy(HR=2.3, P<0.001). In conclusion, locoregional radiotherapy, particularly when combined with systemic chemotherapy, is associated with improved survival of patients with metastatic NPC.Ming-Yuan Chen Rou Jiang Ling Guo Xiong Zou Qing Liu Rui Sun Fang Qiu Zhong-Jun Xia Hui-Qiang Huang Li Zhang Ming-Huang Hong Hai-Qiang Mai Chao-Nan Qian 2013Chinese Journal of Cancer2013,32,11:13
16Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein-IgG Contributes to Oligodendrocytopathy in the Presence of Complement, Distinct from Astrocytopathy Induced by AQP4-IgG显示文摘Immunoglobulin G against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein(MOG-Ig G) is detectable in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder(NMOSD) without aquaporin-4 Ig G(AQP4-Ig G), but its pathogenicity remains unclear.In this study, we explored the pathogenic mechanisms of MOG-Ig G in vitro and in vivo and compared them with those of AQP4-Ig G. MOG-Ig G-positive serum induced complement activation and cell death in human embryonic kidney(HEK)-293 T cells transfected with human MOG. In C57 BL/6 mice and Sprague-Dawley rats, MOG-Ig G only caused lesions in the presence of complement. Interestingly, AQP4-Ig G induced astroglial damage, while MOGIg G mainly caused myelin loss. MOG-Ig G also induced astrocyte damage in mouse brains in the presence ofcomplement. Importantly, we also observed ultrastructural changes induced by MOG-Ig G and AQP4-Ig G. These findings suggest that MOG-Ig G directly mediates cell death by activating complement in vitro and producing NMOSDlike lesions in vivo. AQP4-Ig G directly targets astrocytes,while MOG-Ig G mainly damages oligodendrocytes.Ling Fang Xinmei Kang Zhen Wang Shisi Wang Jingqi Wang Yifan Zhou Chen Chen Xiaobo Sun Yaping Yan Allan G. Kermode Lisheng Peng Wei Qiu 2019Neuroscience Bulletin2019,35,5:13
17Measurement of residual stress in a multi-layer semiconductor heterostructure by micro-Raman spectroscopy显示文摘Si-based multilayer structures are widely used in current microelectronics. During their preparation, some inhomogeneous residual stress is induced, resulting in competition between interface mismatching and surface energy and even leading to structure failure. This work presents a methodological study on the measurement of residual stress in a multi-layer semiconductor heterostructure. Scanning electron microscopy(SEM), micro-Raman spectroscopy(MRS), and transmission electron microscopy(TEM) were applied to measure the geometric parameters of the multilayer structure. The relationship between the Raman spectrum and the stress/strain on the [100] and [110] crystal orientations was determined to enable surface and crosssection residual stress analyses, respectively. Based on the Raman mapping results, the distribution of residual stress along the depth of the multi-layer heterostructure was successfully obtained.Wei Qiu Cui-Li Cheng Ren-Rong Liang Chun-Wang Zhao Zhen-Kun Lei Yu-Cheng Zhao Lu-Lu Ma Jun Xu Hua-Jun Fang Yi-Lan Kang 2016Acta Mechanica Sinica2016,32,5:12
18Interference-assisted kaleidoscopic meta-plexer for arbitrary spin-wavefront manipulation显示文摘Achieving simultaneous polarization and wavefront control,especially circular polarization with the auxiliary degree of freedom of light and spin angular momentum,is of fundamental importance in many optical applications.Interferences are typically undesirable in highly integrated photonic circuits and metasurfaces.Here,we propose an interference-assisted metasurface-multiplexer(meta-plexer)that counterintuitively exploits constructive and destructive interferences between hybrid meta-atoms and realizes independent spin-selective wavefront manipulation.Such kaleidoscopic meta-plexers are experimentally demonstrated via two types of single-layer spinwavefront multiplexers that are composed of spatially rotated anisotropic meta-atoms.One type generates a spinselective Bessel-beam wavefront for spin-down light and a low scattering cross-section for stealth for spin-up light.The other type demonstrates versatile control of the vortex wavefront,which is also characterized by the orbital angular momentum of light,with frequency-switchable numbers of beams under linearly polarized wave excitation.Our findings offer a distinct interference-assisted concept for realizing advanced multifunctional photonics with arbitrary and independent spin-wavefront features.A variety of applications can be readily anticipated in optical diodes,isolators,and spin-Hall meta-devices without cascading bulky optical elements.He-Xiu Xu Guangwei Hu Ying Li Lei Han Jianlin Zhao Yunming Sun Fang Yuan Guang-Ming Wang Zhi Hao Jiang Xiaohui Ling Tie Jun Cui Cheng-Wei Qiu 2019Light(Science & Applications)2019,8,1:11
19Multivesicular liposome formulations for the sustained delivery of interferon α-2b显示文摘Aim: To develop and optimize a sustained release multivesicular liposome (MVL) formulation of interferon (IFN) α-2b. Methods: IFN α-2b MVL were prepared using a typical double-emulsion procedure. The sustained release effects of IFN α-2b MVL were investigated by monitoring the blood IFN α-2b concentration using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test after subcutaneous administration to healthy mice. Results: IFN α-2b was successfully encapsulated in MVL with high efficiency, and the integrity of encapsulated protein was maintained. After subcutaneous injection, the MVL slowly released IFN α-2b into systemic circulation in a sustained manner. The estimated serum half-life of IFN α-2b was approximately 30 h. In addition, varying the size of the MVL preparations could further modify the in vivo release profile. Conclusion: IFN α-2b MVL may be a useful sustained release formulation in the clinical treatment of viral diseases.Jian QIU Xiao-hui WEI Fang GENG Rui LIU Jing-wu ZHANG Yu-hong XU 2005Acta Pharmacologica Sinica2005,26,11:11
20An overview of design for CSNS/RCS and beam transport显示文摘The China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) is the first accelerator-based pulsed neutron source in China. Its accelerators are made up of an 80 MeV H- linac, a Rapid Cycling Synchrotron (RCS) and two beam transport lines. RCS accumulates and accelerates protons to the design energy of 1.6 GeV, and extracts high energy beam to strike the target. The overview of RCS is presented, and the key problems of the physics design are discussed. The two beam transport lines, from linac to RCS and from RCS to the target, are also introduced.WANG Sheng AN YuWen FANG ShouXian HUANG Nan LIU WeiBin LIU YuDong QIN Qing QIU Jing WANG Na XU Gang XU ShouYan YU ChengHui 2011Science China(Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy)2011,54,S2:11
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