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| 1 | Controversies in fluid therapy: Type, dose and toxicity显示文摘Fluid therapy is perhaps the most common intervention received by acutely ill hospitalized patients; however, a number of critical questions on the efficacy and safety of the type and dose remain. In this review, recent insights derived from randomized trials in terms of fluid type, dose and toxicity are discussed. We contend that the prescription of fluid therapy is context-specific and that any fluid can be harmful if administered inappropriately. When contrasting ‘‘crystalloid vs colloid'', differences in efficacy are modest but differences in safety are significant. Differences in chloride load and strong ion difference across solutions appear to be clinically important. Phases of fluid therapy in acutely ill patients are recognized, including acute resuscitation, maintaining homeostasis, and recovery phases. Quantitative toxicity(fluid overload) is associated with adverse outcomes and can be mitigated when fluid therapy basedon functional hemodynamic parameters that predict volume responsiveness and minimization of non-essential fluid. Qualitative toxicity(fluid type), in particular for iatrogenic acute kidney injury and metabolic acidosis, remain a concern for synthetic colloids and isotonic saline, respectively. Physiologically balanced crystalloids may be the ‘‘default'' fluid for acutely ill patients and the role for colloids, in particular hydroxyethyl starch, is increasingly unclear. We contend the prescription of fluid therapy is analogous to the prescription of any drug used in critically ill patients. | Robert C McDermid Karthik Raghunathan Adam Romanovsky Andrew D Shaw Sean M Bagshaw | 2014 | World Journal of Critical Care Medicine2014，3，1： | 5 |
| 2 | Initiator elements regulated expression or the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene显示文摘 | JAMES C SEAN M L | 1995 | J Virol1995，69，11： | 1 |
| 3 | Unlocking the business outsourcing process model 显示文摘 | Sean M Handley W C Benton Jr | 2009 | Journal of Operations Management2009，27，5： | 1 |
| 4 | Simulating time - varying cave flow and water levels using the Storm Water Management Model显示文摘 | C Warren Campbell Sean M Sullivan | 2002 | Engineering Geology2002，，65： | 1 |
| 5 | Diabetes and mortality follow- ing acute coronary syndromes 显示文摘 | Sean M Garrick C Carolyn H | 2007 | JAMA2007，298，7： | 1 |
| 6 | Magnesium reduces free radicals in a in vivo coronary occlusion reperfusion model显示文摘 | Lawrence A Steven C Sean M | 2008 | J Am Coil Cardiol2008，32，2： | 1 |
| 7 | Variable optical attenuator for large- scale integration显示文摘 | SEAN M G STEVE C | 2002 | IEEE Photonics Technology Letters2002，14，11： | 1 |
| 8 | Stem cells,cancer,and cancer stem cells显示文摘 | Tannishtha Reya Sean J M Michael F C | 2001 | Nature2001，414，： | 1 |
| 9 | Transpiration of cottonwood/willow forest estimated from sap flux 显示文摘 | Sean M Schaeffer David G Williams David C Goodrich | 2000 | Agricultural and Forest Meteorology2000，105，： | 1 |
| 10 | Modeling visual attention via selective tuning 显示文摘 | TSOTSOS J K SEAN M C | 1995 | Artificial Intelligence1995，78，12： | 1 |
| 11 | Stem cells cancer, and cancer stem cells显示文摘 | TANNISHTHA R SEAN J M MICHAEL F C | 2001 | Nature2001，414，6859： | 1 |
| 12 | Virus removal during simulated soil-aquifer treatment显示文摘 | Quanrud D M Sean M C Charles P G | 2003 | Water Res2003，37，4： | 1 |
| 13 | A Ka-band power amplifier based on the traveling-wave power-dividing/ combining slotted-waveguide circuit 显示文摘 | Jiang X Sean C O Amir M | 2004 | IEEE Trans MTT2004，52，2： | 1 |
| 14 | Duration of lipid peroxida- tion after acute spinal cord injury in rats and the effect of methylprednisolone显示文摘 | Sean D C Ben C B Tanya M | 2008 | Neurosurg Focus2008，25，5： | 1 |
| 15 | Determining the impact of degree of blending and quality of reclaimed asphalt pavement on predicted pavement performance using pavement ME design显示文摘 | Sean C Eric D Yusuf M | 2013 | Construction and Building Materials2013，48，： | 1 |
| 16 | Cadmium alters the localization of N-cadhein, E-cadherin, and β-cadherin in the proximal tubule epithelium显示文摘 | Walter C Prozialeck Pete C Lamar Sean M Lynch | 2003 | Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology2003，189，： | 1 |
| 17 | Cadmium alters the localization of N -cadherin, E -cadherin, and β-catenin in the proximal tubule epithelium显示文摘 | Walter C Prozialeck Peter C Lamar Sean M Lynch | 2003 | Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology2003，，3： | 1 |
| 18 | Physical versus harvest-based measures of capacity: the case of the United Kingdom vessel capacity unit system 显示文摘 | Sean P Louisa C Simon M | 2001 | Journal of Marine Science2001，58，： | 1 |
| 19 | The expression of bone matrix proteins induced by different bioimplants in a rabbit sinus lift model显示文摘 | Hu Z M Sean A F Stephen K C | 2010 | Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A2010，95，2： | 1 |
| 20 | Magnesium reduces free radicals in an in vivo coronary occlusion-reperfusion model显示文摘 | Lawrence A Garcia Steven C DeJong Sean M Martin Robin S Smith Garry R Buettner Richard E Kerber | 1998 | Journal of the American College of Cardiology1998，，2： | 1 |
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