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| 1 | Monitoring dioxins and PCBs in eggs as sensitive indicators for environmental pollution and global contaminated sites and recommendations for reducing and controlling releases and exposure显示文摘This review compiles information on PCDD/F-and PCB-contaminated eggs from 20 years of global egg monitoring around emission sources in four continents conducted by the International Pollutants Elimination Network(IPEN)and Arnika as well as a compilation of data from scientific literature.IPEN monitored 127 pooled egg samples including samples from 113 chicken flocks at potential PCDD/F-and PCB-contaminated sites around priority sources listed in the Stockholm Convention(e.g.waste incinerators,metal industries,cement plants,and open burning).99(88%)of pooled egg samples were above the EU maximum limits for PCDD/Fs(2.5 pg PCDD/F-TEQ/g fat)or the sum of PCDD/Fs and dioxinlike PCBs(5 pg PCDD/F-PCB-TEQ/g fat).Children consuming such eggs exceed the tolerable weekly intake(TWI).This demonstrates that close to 90%of these areas were not safe for the production of free-range eggs.Sixteen out of the 113 egg samples(14%)were contaminated above 50 pg TEQ/g fat and exceeded the EU maximum limit more than 10 times.From the 26 pooled egg samples around incinerators 24(92%)exceeded the limit with a mean of 43.1 pg TEQ/g fat(2.6e234 pg TEQ/g).All 21 egg samples around metal industries(4.4e112.6 pg TEQ/g fat)were above limits with mean concentration of 26.0 pg TEQ/g fat.Also all 7 egg samples measured at e-waste recycling sites were above limits(mean 308 pg TEQ/g fat).In 58(51%)pooled egg samples the PCB-TEQ was above 5 pg TEQ/g fat exceeding the EU maximum limit with dioxin-like PCBs alone.This highlights the role of commercial PCBs for global contamination with dioxin-like compounds.It was discovered that around metal industries,shredder plants,open burning sites of e-waste and dump sites,a high share of contamination was caused by dl-PCBs.This clearly shows severe PCB release from the end-of-life management of PCB-containing equipment in developing countries.Also highly contaminated eggs were found at many sites where plastic was incinerated.The highest contaminated egg sample ever measured came from an e-waste site in Ghana and had 856 pg TEQ/g fat plus 300 pg TEQ from brominated dioxins(PBDD/Fs).Other extreme PCDD/F contaminations of eggs were found at a chlor-alkali site(514 pg TEQ/g fat),Agent Orange contaminated areas in Vietnam(490,249 and 246 pg TEQ/g fat)and e-waste sites(568 and 520 pg TEQ/g fat).Where DR CALUX®bioassay revealed higher TEQ compared to measured PCDD/F-PCB-TEQ in IPEN studies,polybrominated PBDD/F were also measured and detected up to 300 pg TEQ/g fat at e-waste sites.One positive outcome from the IPEN studies is that all 10 pooled supermarket eggs in developing countries were below regulatory limit.Policy recommendations are made including:a systematic assessment of areas around PCDD/Fs and PCBs sources;measures for reduction of exposures of populations;urgent control of emission sources including PCB equipment,the open burning of plastic,and the use of plastic as fuel in boilers/incinerators in developing countries without air pollution control.Furthermore,soil limits need to be re-assessed and lowered for free-range poultry. | Jindrich Petrlik Lee Bell Joe DiGangi Serge Molly Allo'o Allo'o Gilbert Kuepouo Griffins Ochieng Ochola Valeriya Grechko Nikola Jelinek Jitka Strakova Martin Skalsky Yuyun Ismawati Drwiega Jonathan N.Hogarh Eric Akortia Sam Adu-Kumi Akarapon Teebthaisong Maria Carcamo Bjorn Beeler Peter Behnisch Claudia Baitinger Christine Herold Roland Weber | 2022 | Emerging Contaminants2022，8，1： | 2 |
| 2 | The safety of cardiopulmonary exercise testing in a population with high- risk cardiovascular diseases显示文摘 | Skalski J Allison TG Miller TD | 2012 | Circulation2012，126，21： | 1 |
| 3 | Reverse engineering of free-form surfaces显示文摘 | Werner A Skalski K | 1998 | Journal of Materials Processing Technology1998，76，13： | 1 |
| 4 | Process of hip joint prosthesis design including bone remodeling phenomenon显示文摘 | Pawlikowski M Skalski K Haraburda M | | 0，，： | 1 |
| 5 | Biochemical pharmacology of (+)-and (-)-2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thiacytidine as anti-hepatitis B virus agents显示文摘 | Chang CN Skalski V Zhou JH | 1992 | Journal of Biological Chemistry1992，267，22： | 1 |
| 6 | Wastewater solids fermentation for volatile acid production and enhanced biological phosphorus removal显示文摘 | Skalsky D S Daigger G T | 1995 | Water Environment Research1995，67，2： | 1 |
| 7 | Cloning and identifieation of a microRNA cluster within the lateney-associated region of Kaposi' s sarcoma-assoeiated herpesvirus显示文摘 | SAMOLS M A HU J SKALSKY R L | 2005 | J Virol2005，79，14： | 1 |
| 8 | Wastewater solids fermentation for volatile acid production and enhanced biological phosphorus removal显示文摘 | Skalsky D S Daigger G T | 1995 | Water Environmental Research1995，67，： | 1 |
| 9 | New Method Used in Lorraine for Extracting Steep Coal Seams 显示文摘 | Skalski Z | 1993 | Przeglad Gorniczy1993，，5： | 1 |
| 10 | Reduced Expression of Brain-Enriched microRNAs in Glioblastomas Permits Targeted Regulation of a Cell Death Gene显示文摘 | Skalsky RL Cullen BR | 2011 | PLoS One2011，6，24： | 1 |
| 11 | Treatment of human brucellosis:systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials显示文摘 | Skalsky K Yahav D Bishara J | | 0，，7646： | 1 |
| 12 | Biochemical pharmacology of(+)-and(-)-2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thiacytidine as anti-hepatitis B virus agents显示文摘 | Skalski Zhou JH | 1992 | Journal of Biological Chemistry1992，267，22： | 1 |
| 13 | Modelling soil organic carbon changes on arable land under climate change-Acase study analysis of the KoCfn Farm in Slovakia 显示文摘 | BalkoviC J Schmid E Skalsky R | 2011 | Soil & Water resources2011，6，1： | 1 |
| 14 | Functional responses with predator interference:Viable alternatives to the Holling typeⅡmodel显示文摘 | SKALSKI G T GILLIAM J F | 2001 | Ecology2001，82，： | 1 |
| 15 | The viral and cellular mieroRNA targetome in lymphoblastoid cell lines 显示文摘 | SKALSKY R L CORCORAN D L GOTFWEIN E | 2012 | PLoS Pathog2012，8，10： | 1 |
| 16 | The cytotoxicity of sarcosinamide chloroethylnitrosourea(SarCNU) and BCNU in primary gliomas and glioma cell lines:analysis of data n reference to theoretical peak plasma concentrations in man显示文摘 | Skalski V Rivas J Panasci LC | 1988 | Cancer Chem Pharmacol1988，22，： | 1 |
| 17 | A design for long - term status and trends monitoring 显示文摘 | Skalski J R | 1990 | Journal of Environmental Management1990，30，： | 1 |
| 18 | Identification of microRNAs expressed in two mosquito vectors, Aedes albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus 显示文摘 | Skalsky RL Vanlandingham DL Scholle F | 2010 | BMC Genomics2010，11，： | 1 |
| 19 | Effects of gemcitabine on APE/ref-1 endonuclease activity in pancreatic cancer cells, and the therapeutic potential of antisense oligonucleotides 显示文摘 | Lau JP Wear herdon KL Skalski V | 2004 | Br J Cancer2004，91，6： | 1 |
| 20 | Functional responses with predatoar interference:Viable alternatives to the Holling type Ⅱ models显示文摘 | SKALSKI G T GILLIAM J F | 2001 | Ecology2001，82，： | 1 |
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