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| 1 | Buoyance-driven hydrocarbon accumulation depth and its implication for unconventional resource prediction显示文摘The discovery of unconventional hydrocarbon resources since the late 20th century changed geologists’understanding of hydrocarbon migration and accumulations and provides a solution to energy shortage.In 2016,unconventional oil production in the USA accounted for 41%of the total oil production;and unconventional natural gas production in China accounted for 35%of total gas production,showing strong growth momentum of unconventional hydrocarbons explorations.Unconventional hydrocarbons generally coexist with conventional petroleum resources;they sometimes distribute in a separate system,not coexisting with a conventional system.Identification and prediction of unconventional resources and their potentials are prominent challenges for geologists.This study analyzed the results of 12,237 drilling wells in six representative petroliferous basins in China and studied the correlations and differences between conventional and unconventional hydrocarbons by comparing their geological features.Migration and accumulation of conventional hydrocarbon are caused dominantly by buoyance.Wepropose a concept of buoyance-driven hydrocarbon accumulation depth to describe the deepest hydrocarbon accumulation depth driven dominantly by buoyance;beyond this depth the buoyance becomes unimportant for hydrocarbon accumulation.We found that the buoyance-driven hydrocarbon accumulation depth in petroliferous basins controls the different oil/gas reservoirs distribution and resource potentials.Hydrocarbon migration and accumulations above this depth is dominated by buoyancy,forming conventional reservoirs in traps with high porosity and permeability,while hydrocarbon migration and accumulation below this depth is dominated by non-buoyancy forces(mainly refers to capillary force,hydrocarbon volumeexpansion force,etc.),forming unconventional reservoirs in tight layers.The buoyance-driven hydrocarbon accumulation depths in six basins in China range from 1200mto 4200 m,which become shallowerwith increasing geothermal gradient,decreasing particle size of sandstone reservoir layers,or an uplift in the whole petroliferous basin.The predicted unconventional resource potential belowthe buoyance-driven hydrocarbon accumulation depth in six basins in China is more than 15.71×10^(9) t oil equivalent,among them 4.71×10^(9) t reserves have been proved.Worldwide,94%of 52,926 oil and gas reservoirs in 1186 basins are conventional reservoirs and only 6%of them are unconventional reservoirs.These 94%conventional reservoirs show promising exploration prospects in the deep area below buoyance-driven hydrocarbon accumulation depth. | Xiongqi Pang Chengzao Jia Wenyang Wang Zhangxin Chen Maowen Li Fujie Jiang Tao Hu Ke Wang Yingxun Wang | 2021 | Geoscience Frontiers2021，12，4： | 9 |
| 2 | A unified model for the formation and distribution of both conventional and unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs显示文摘The discovery and large-scale exploration of unconventional oil/gas resources since 1980s have been considered as the most important advancement in the history of petroleum geology;that has not only changed the balance of supply and demand in the global energy market,but also improved our understanding of the formation mechanisms and distribution characteristics of oil/gas reservoirs.However,what is the difference of conventional and unconventional resources and why they always related to each other in petroliferous basins is not clear.As the differences and correlations between unconventional and conventional resources are complex challenging issues and very critical for resources assessment and hydrocarbon exploration,this paper focused on studying the relationship of formations and distributions among different oil/gas reservoirs.Drilling results of 12,237 exploratory wells in 6 representative petroliferous basins of China and distribution characteristics for 52,926 oil/gas accumulations over the world were applied to clarify the formation conditions and genetic relations of different oil/gas reservoirs in a petroliferous basin,and then to establish a unified model to address the differences and correlations of conventional and unconventional reservoirs.In this model,conventional reservoirs formed in free hydrocarbon dynamic field with high porosity and permeability located above the boundary of hydrocarbon buoyancy-driven accumulation depth limit.Unconventional tight reservoirs formed in confined hydrocarbon dynamic field with low porosity and permeability located between hydrocarbon buoyancy-driven accumulation depth limit and hydrocarbon accumulation depth limit.Shale oil/gas reservoirs formed in the bound hydrocarbon dynamic field with low porosity and ultra-low permeability within the source rock layers.More than 75%of proved reserves around the world are discovered in the free hydrocarbon dynamic field,which is estimated to contain only 10%of originally generated hydrocarbons.Most of undiscovered resources distributed in the confined hydrocarbon dynamic field and the bound hydrocarbon dynamic field,which contains 90%of original generated hydrocarbons,implying a reasonable and promising area for future hydrocarbon explorations.The buried depths of hydrocarbon dynamic fields become shallow with the increase of heat flow,and the remaining oil/gas resources mainly exist in the deep area of“cold basin”with low geothermal gradient.Lithology changing in the hydrocarbon dynamic field causes local anomalies in the oil/gas dynamic mechanism,leading to the local formation of unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs in the free hydrocarbon dynamic field or the occurrence of oil/gas enrichment sweet points with high porosity and permeability in the confined hydrocarbon dynamic field.The tectonic movements destroy the medium conditions and oil/gas components,which leads to the transformation of conventional oil/gas reservoirs formed in free hydrocarbon dynamic field to unconventional ones or unconventional ones formed in confined and bound hydrocarbon dynamic fields to conventional ones. | Xiongqi Pang Chengzao Jia Junqing Chen Maowen Li Wenyang Wang Qinhong Hu Yingchun Guo Zhangxin Chen Junwen Peng Keyu Liu Keliu Wu | 2021 | Geoscience Frontiers2021，12，2： | 8 |
| 3 | Effect of quadratic pressure gradient term on a one-dimensional moving boundary problem based on modified Darcy's law显示文摘A relatively high formation pressure gradient can exist in seepage flow in low-permeable porous media with a threshold pressure gradient, and a significant error may then be caused in the model computation by neglecting the quadratic pressure gradient term in the governing equations.Based on these concerns, in consideration of the quadratic pressure gradient term, a basic moving boundary model is constructed for a one-dimensional seepage flow problem with a threshold pressure gradient. Owing to a strong nonlinearity and the existing moving boundary in the mathematical model,a corresponding numerical solution method is presented.First, a spatial coordinate transformation method is adopted in order to transform the system of partial differential equations with moving boundary conditions into a closed system with fixed boundary conditions; then the solution can be stably numerically obtained by a fully implicit finite-difference method. The validity of the numerical method is verified by a published exact analytical solution. Furthermore, to compare with Darcy's flow problem, the exact analytical solution for the case of Darcy's flow considering the quadratic pressure gradient term is also derived by an inverse Laplace transform.A comparison of these model solutions leads to the conclusion that such moving boundary problems must incorporatethe quadratic pressure gradient term in their governing equations; the sensitive effects of the quadratic pressure gradient term tend to diminish, with the dimensionless threshold pressure gradient increasing for the one-dimensional problem. | Wenchao Liu Jun Yao Zhangxin Chen Yuewu Liu | 2016 | Acta Mechanica Sinica2016，32，1： | 7 |
| 4 | 页岩气纳米孔真实气体传输模型显示文摘页岩富含纳米孔,纳米孔气体传输不同于宏观流体流动.基于滑脱流动和克努森扩散两种传输机理,分别以分子之间碰撞频率和分子与壁面碰撞频率占总碰撞频率的比值作为滑脱流动和克努森扩散的权重系数,耦合这两种机理,建立了理想气体传输模型.同时考虑高压条件下真实气体分子间相互作用力和气体分子自身体积对气体传输的影响,建立了页岩纳米孔真实气体传输模型.模型可靠性通过分子模拟结果验证.结果表明:纳米孔真实气体传输模型能够更合理地描述所有的气体传输机理,包括连续流动、滑脱流动和过渡流动;真实气体效应对气体传输的影响可高达23%,其受压力、温度、纳米孔尺度和气体类型的控制;在室内实验条件下模拟页岩纳米孔气体传输时,用氦气代替甲烷,低估了甲烷的传输能力65.09%;用氮气代替甲烷,高估了甲烷的传输能力106.27%. | 吴克柳 李相方 CHEN ZhangXin | 2016 | 中国科学:技术科学2016，46，1： | 6 |
| 5 | Unified Analysis of the Hybrid Form of Mixed Finite Elements for Second Order Elliptic Problems | ZHANGXIN CHEN Department of Mathematics, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN 47907, U.S.A | 1991 | 工程数学学报1991，8，2： | 3 |
| 6 | A new framework for selection of representative samples for special core analysis显示文摘Special core analysis(SCAL)measurements play a noteworthy role in reservoir engineering.Due to the time-consuming and costly character of these measurements,routine core analysis(RCAL)data should be inspected thoroughly to select a representative subset of samples for SCAL.There are no comprehensive guidelines on how representative samples should be selected.In this study,a new framework is presented for selection of representative samples for SCAL.The foundation of this framework is using methods of PSRTI,FZI*(FZI-star)and TEM-function for the early estimation of petrophysical static,dynamic,and pseudo-static rock types at RCAL stage.The global hydraulic element(GHE)approach is benefitted and a FZI*-based GHE method(i.e.,GHE*)is presented for partitioning data.The framework takes into consideration different laboratory,reservoir engineering,geological,petrophysical and statistical factors.A carbonate reservoir case is presented to support our methodology.We also show that the current forms of Lorenz and Stratigraphic Modified Lorenz Plots in reservoir engineering are not appropriate,and present new forms of them. | Abouzar Mirzaei-Paiaman Seyed Reza Asadolahpour Hadi Saboorian-Jooybari Zhangxin Chen Mehdi Ostadhassan | 2020 | Petroleum Research2020，5，3： | 2 |
| 7 | A model for gas transport in microfractures of shale and tight gas reservoirs显示文摘 | Keliu Wu Xiangfang Li Chenchen Wang Zhangxin Chen Wei Yu | 2015 | AIChE J2015，，6： | 1 |
| 8 | Measurement of gas storage processes in shale and of the molecular diffusion coefficient in kerogen显示文摘 | S. Reza Etminan Farzam Javadpour Brij B. Maini Zhangxin Chen | 2013 | International Journal of Coal Geology2013，，： | 1 |
| 9 | A penalty finite volume method for the transient Navier-Stokes equations显示文摘 | HE Guoliang HE Yinnian CHEN Zhangxin | | 0，，11： | 1 |
| 10 | Formulation and numerical methods of the black oil model in porous media显示文摘 | CHEN Zhangxin | 2001 | SIAM J Numer Anal2001，38，2： | 1 |
| 11 | Wellbore instability in shale gas wells drilled by oil-based fluids显示文摘 | You Lijun Kang Yili Chen Zhangxin | 2014 | International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences2014，71，12： | 1 |
| 12 | Measurement of gas storage processes in shale and of the molecular diffusion coefficient in kerogen显示文摘 | Etminan SR Javadpour F Maini BB Chen Zhangxin | 2014 | InternationalJournal of Coal Geology2014，123，3： | 1 |
| 13 | From Single-Phase to Compositional Flow: Applicability of Mixed Finite Elements显示文摘 | ZHANGXIN CHEN RICHARD E. EWING | 1997 | Transport in Porous Media1997，，2： | 1 |
| 14 | Determination of mass transfer parameters in solvent-based oil recovery techniques using a non-equilibrium boundary condition at the interface显示文摘 | Etminan SR Maini BB Chen Zhangxin | 2014 | Fuel2014，120，3： | 1 |
| 15 | A penalty finite volume method for the transient Navier-Stokes equations显示文摘 | He Guoliang He Yinnian Chen Zhangxin | 2008 | Applied Numerical Mathematics2008，，58： | 1 |
| 16 | A systematic machine learning method for reservoir identification and production prediction显示文摘Reservoir identification and production prediction are two of the most important tasks in petroleum exploration and development.Machine learning(ML)methods are used for petroleum-related studies,but have not been applied to reservoir identification and production prediction based on reservoir identification.Production forecasting studies are typically based on overall reservoir thickness and lack accuracy when reservoirs contain a water or dry layer without oil production.In this paper,a systematic ML method was developed using classification models for reservoir identification,and regression models for production prediction.The production models are based on the reservoir identification results.To realize the reservoir identification,seven optimized ML methods were used:four typical single ML methods and three ensemble ML methods.These methods classify the reservoir into five types of layers:water,dry and three levels of oil(I oil layer,II oil layer,III oil layer).The validation and test results of these seven optimized ML methods suggest the three ensemble methods perform better than the four single ML methods in reservoir identification.The XGBoost produced the model with the highest accuracy;up to 99%.The effective thickness of I and II oil layers determined during the reservoir identification was fed into the models for predicting production.Effective thickness considers the distribution of the water and the oil resulting in a more reasonable production prediction compared to predictions based on the overall reservoir thickness.To validate the superiority of the ML methods,reference models using overall reservoir thickness were built for comparison.The models based on effective thickness outperformed the reference models in every evaluation metric.The prediction accuracy of the ML models using effective thickness were 10%higher than that of reference model.Without the personal error or data distortion existing in traditional methods,this novel system realizes rapid analysis of data while reducing the time required to resolve reservoir classification and production prediction challenges.The ML models using the effective thickness obtained from reservoir identification were more accurate when predicting oil production compared to previous studies which use overall reservoir thickness. | Wei Liu Zhangxin Chen Yuan Hu Liuyang Xu | 2023 | Petroleum Science2023，20，1： | 1 |
| 17 | A new stabilized finite element method for the transient Navier-Stokes equations显示文摘 | Li Jian He Yinnian Chen Zhangxin | 2007 | Comp Meth Appl Mech Eng2007，197，： | 1 |
| 18 | A Novel Subspace Approach for Hyperbolic Mobile Location显示文摘 | CHEN Zhangxin WAN Qun WEI Hewen YANG Wanlin | 2009 | Chinese Journal of Electronics2009，18，3： | 1 |
| 19 | Will the future of shale reservoirs lie in CO2 geological sequestration?显示文摘CO2 geological sequestration in a depleted shale gas reservoir is a promising method to address the global energy crisis as well as to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Though improvements have been achieved by many researchers, the carbon sequestration and enhanced gas recovery(CS-EGR) in shale formations is still in a preliminary stage. The current research status of CO2 sequestration in shale gas reservoirs with potential EGR is systematically and critically addressed in the paper. In addition, some original findings are also presented in this paper. This paper will shed light on the technology development that addresses the dual problem of energy crisis and environmental degradation. | ZHAN Jie CHEN ZhangXin ZHANG Ying ZHENG ZiGang DENG Qi | 2020 | Science China(Technological Sciences)2020，63，7： | 1 |
| 20 | A new stabilized finite element method for the transient Navier-Stokes equations显示文摘 | Li Jian He Yinnian Chen Zhangxin | 2007 | Comp Meth Appl Mech Eng2007，197，4： | 1 |
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