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| 1 | role of the normal gut microbiota显示文摘Relation between the gut microbiota and human health is being increasingly recognised. It is now well established that a healthy gut flora is largely responsible for overall health of the host. The normal human gut microbiota comprises of two major phyla, namely Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. Though the gut microbiota in an infant appears haphazard, it starts resembling the adult flora by the age of 3 years. Nevertheless, there exist temporal and spatial variations in the microbial distribution from esophagus to the rectum all along the individual's life span. Developments in genome sequencing technologies and bioinformatics have now enabled scientists to study these microorganisms and their function and microbehost interactions in an elaborate manner both in health and disease. The normal gut microbiota imparts specific function in host nutrient metabolism, xenobiotic and drug metabolism, maintenance of structural integrity of the gut mucosal barrier, immunomodulation, and protection against pathogens. Several factors play a role in shaping the normal gut microbiota. They include(1) the mode of delivery(vaginal or caesarean);(2) diet during infancy(breast milk or formula feeds) and adulthood(vegan based or meat based); and(3) use of antibiotics or antibiotic like molecules that are derived from the environment or the gut commensal community. A major concern of antibiotic use is the long-term alteration of the normal healthy gut microbiota and horizontal transfer of resistance genes that could result in reservoir of organisms with a multidrug resistant gene pool. | Sai Manasa Jandhyala Rupjyoti Talukdar Chivkula Subramanyam Harish Vuyyuru Mitnala Sasikala D Nageshwar Reddy | 2015 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2015，21，29： | 187 |
| 2 | Gut microbiota imbalance and colorectal cancer显示文摘The gut microbiota acts as a real organ. The symbiotic interactions between resident micro-organisms and the digestive tract highly contribute to maintain the gut homeostasis. However, alterations to the microbiome caused by environmental changes(e.g., infection, diet and/or lifestyle) can disturb this symbiotic relationship and promote disease, such as inflammatory bowel diseases and cancer. Colorectal cancer is a complex association of tumoral cells, non-neoplastic cells and a large amount of micro-organisms, and the involvement of the microbiota in colorectal carcinogenesis is becoming increasingly clear. Indeed, many changes in the bacterial composition of the gut microbiota have been reported in colorectal cancer, suggesting a major role of dysbiosis in colorectal carcinogenesis. Some bacterial species have been identified and suspected to play a role in colorectal carcinogenesis, such as Streptococcus bovis, Helicobacter pylori, Bacteroides fragilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Clostridium septicum, Fusobacterium spp. and Escherichia coli. The potential pro-carcinogenic effects of these bacteria are now better understood. In this review, we discuss the possible links between the bacterial microbiota and colorectal carcinogenesis, focusing on dysbiosis and the potential pro-carcinogenic properties of bacteria, such as genotoxicity and other virulence factors, inflammation, host defenses modulation, bacterial derived metabolism, oxidative stress and anti-oxidative defenses modulation. We lastly describe how bacterial microbiota modifications could represent novel prognosis markers and/or targets for innovative therapeutic strategies. | Johan Gagnière Jennifer Raisch Julie Veziant Nicolas Barnich Richard Bonnet Emmanuel Buc Marie-Agnès Bringer Denis Pezet Mathilde Bonnet | 2016 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2016，22，2： | 76 |
| 3 | Gut microbiota role in irritable bowel syndrome:Newtherapeutic strategies显示文摘In the last decade the impressive expansion of our knowledge of the vast microbial community that resides in the human intestine, the gut microbiota, has provided support to the concept that a disturbed intestinal ecology might promote development and maintenance of symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome(IBS). As a correlate, manipulation of gut microbiota represents a new strategy for the treatment of this multifactorial disease. A number of attempts have been made to modulate the gut bacterial composition, following the idea that expansion of bacterial species considered as beneficial(Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria) associated with the reduction of those considered harmful(Clostridium, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella and Pseudomonas) should attenuate IBS symptoms. In this conceptual framework, probiotics appear an attractive option in terms of both efficacy and safety, while prebiotics, synbiotics and antibiotics still need confirmation. Fecal transplant is an old treatment translated from the cure of intestinal infective pathologies that has recently gained a new life as therapeutic option for those patients with a disturbed gut ecosystem, but data on IBS are scanty and randomized, placebo-controlled studies are required. | Eleonora Distrutti Lorenzo Monaldi Patrizia Ricci Stefano Fiorucci | 2016 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2016，22，7： | 60 |
| 4 | An insoluble polysaccharide from the sclerotium of Poria cocos improves hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and hepatic steatosis in ob/ob mice via modulation of gut microbiota显示文摘Metabolic syndrome characterized by obesity, hyperglycemia and liver steatosis is becoming prevalent all over the world. Herein, a water insoluble polysaccharide(WIP) was isolated and identified from the sclerotium of Poria cocos, a widely used Traditional Chinese Medicine. WIP was confirmed to be a(1-3)-β-D-glucan with an average Mw of 4.486 × 10~6 Da by NMR and SEC-RI-MALLS analyses. Furthermore, oral treatment with WIP from P. cocos significantly improved glucose and lipid metabolism and alleviated hepatic steatosis in ob/ob mice. 16 S DNA sequencing analysis of cecum content from WIP-treated mice indicated the increase of butyrate-producing bacteria Lachnospiracea, Clostridium. It was also observed that WIP treatment elevated the level of butyrate in gut, improved the gut mucosal integrity and activated the intestinal PPAR-γ pathway. Fecal transplantation experiments definitely confirmed the causative role of gut microbiota in mediating the benefits of WIP. It is the first report that the water insoluble polysaccharide from the sclerotium of P. cocos modulates gut microbiota to improve hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. Thereby, WIP from P. cocos, as a prebiotic, has the potential for the prevention or cure of metabolic diseases and may elucidate new mechanism for the efficacies of this traditional herbal medicine on the regulation of lipid and glucose metabolism. | SUN Shan-Shan WANG Kai MA Ke BAO Li LIU Hong-Wei | 2019 | Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines2019，17，1： | 60 |
| 5 | Gut microbiota dysbiosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease显示文摘BACKGROUND:Gut microbiota plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)This study aimed to assess the contribution of gut microbiota dysbiosis to the pathogenesis of NAFLD.METHODS:Forty-seven human feces samples(25 NAFLD patients and 22 healthy subjects) were collected and 16 S r DNA amplicon sequencing was conducted on Hiseq 2000 platform Discrepancy of species composition between controls and NAFLD group was defined by Metastats analysis under P value<0.01.RESULTS:NAFLD patients harbored lower gut microbiota diversity than healthy subjects did.In comparison to the control group,the Proteobacteria(13.50%) and Fusobacteria(2.76%) phyla were more abundant in NAFLD patients.Additionally,the Lachnospiraceae(21.90%),Enterobacteriaceae(12.02%),Erysipelotrichaceae(3.83%),and Streptococcaceae(1.39%) families,as well as the Escherichia_Shigella(10.84%)Lachnospiraceae_Incertae_Sedis(7.79%),and Blautia(4.95%)genera were enriched in the NAFLD group.However,there was a lower abundance of Prevotella in the NAFLD group than that in the control group(5.83% vs 27.56%,P<0.01)The phylum Bacteroidetes(44.63%) also tended to be more abundant in healthy subjects,and the families Prevotellaceae(28.66%) and Ruminococcaceae(26.44%) followed the same trend.Compared to those without non-alcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH),patients with NASH had higher abundance of genus Blautia(5.82% vs 2.25%;P=0.01) and the corresponding Lachnospiraceae family(24.33% vs 14.21%;P<0.01).Patients with significant fibrosis had a higher abundance of genus Escherichia_Shigella(12.53% vs 1.97%;P<0.01) and the corresponding Enterobacteriaceae family(13.92% vs 2.07%;P<0.01) compared to those with F0/F1 fibrosis.CONCLUSIONS:NAFLD patients and healthy subjects harbor varying gut microbiota.In contrast to the results of previous research on children,decreased levels of Prevotella might be detrimental for adults with NAFLD.The increased level of the genus Blautia,the family Lachnospiraceae,the genus Escherichia_Shigella,and the family Enterobacteriaceae may be a primary contributor to NAFLD progression. | Feng Shen Rui-Dan Zheng Xing-Qiang Sun Wen-Jin Ding Xiao-Ying Wang Jian-Gao Fan | 2017 | Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases International2017，16，4： | 46 |
| 6 | Moxibustion treatment modulates the gut microbiota and immune function in a dextran sulphate sodium-induced colitis rat model显示文摘AIM To investigate the effect and mechanism of moxibustion in rats with ulcerative colitis.METHODS A rat colitis model was established by administering 4% dextran sulphate sodium solution. Seventy male rats were randomly divided into seven groups: Healthy controls(HC), ulcerative colitis model group(UC), UC with 7 d of moxibustion(UC-7), UC with 14 d of moxibustion(UC-14), UC with mesalazine gavage(UC-W), HC with 7 d of moxibustion(HC-7), HC with 14 d of moxibustion(HC-14). Moxibustion was applied to the bilateral Tianshu(ST25). Gut microbiome profiling was conducted by 16 S r RNA amplicon sequencing, and PCR and ELISA determined the expression of inflammatory cytokines in colon mucosa and serum, respectively. RESULTS Moxibustion treatment restored the colonic mucosa and decreased submucosal inflammatory cell infiltration in colitis rats. Rats treated with moxibustion and mesalazine had significantly lower levels of the dominant phyla Proteobacteria and the genera Saccharibacteria, Sphingomonas and Barnesiella than colitis rats, and they could restore the microbiome to levels similar to those observed in healthy rats. UC rats had reduced alpha diversity, which could be alleviated by moxibustion therapy, and UC-7 had a higher alpha diversity than UC-14. This finding suggests that short-term(7 d) but no longer term(14 d) moxibustion treatment may significantly affect the gut microbiome. The potential bacterial functions affected by moxibustion may be ascorbate and aldarate metabolism, and amino acid metabolism. Compared with HC group, the levels of the cytokines interleukin-12(IL-12)(P < 0.05) and IL-6, IL-17, IL-23, interferon-γ, lipopolysaccharide, Ig A, tumour necrosis factor-α and its receptors 1(TNFR1) and TNFR2(P < 0.01) were all increased, whereas anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-2 and IL-10(P < 0.01) and transforming growth factor-β(P < 0.05) were decreased in UC rats. These changes were reversed by moxibustion.CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that moxibustion exerts its therapeutic effect by repairing mucosal tissue damage and modulating the gut microbiome and intestinal mucosal immunity. | Qin Qi Ya-Nan Liu Xiao-Ming Jin Lin-Shuang Zhang Cun Wang Chun-Hui Bao Hui-Rong Liu Huan-Gan Wu Xiao-Mei Wang | 2018 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2018，24，28： | 42 |
| 7 | Gut microbiota and liver diseases显示文摘Several studies revealed that gut microbiota are associated with various human diseases,e.g.,metabolic diseases,allergies,gastroenterological diseases,and liver diseases.The liver can be greatly affected by changes in gut microbiota due to the entry of gut bacteria or their metabolites into the liver through the portal vein,and the liver-gut axis is important to understand the pathophysiology of several liver diseases,especially non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatic encephalopathy.Moreover,gut microbiota play a significant role in the development of alcoholic liver disease and hepatocarcinogenesis.Based on theseprevious findings,trials using probiotics have been performed for the prevention or treatment of liver diseases.In this review,we summarize the current understanding of the changes in gut microbiota associated with various liver diseases,and we describe the therapeutic trials of probiotics for those diseases. | Masami Minemura Yukihiro Shimizu | 2015 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2015，21，6： | 41 |
| 8 | Changes of gut bacteria and immune parameters in liver transplant recipients显示文摘BACKGROUND: Liver transplantation is one of the most effective therapeutic options for patients with end-stage liver diseases, and gut microbiota is actively involved in potential infections in pretransplant and posttransplant patients. However, the diversity of gut microbiota and its relationship with the immune parameter of liver transplantation recipients are not well understood. METHODS: We collected fresh feces and blood samples from 190 participants in China from November 2004 to May 2008, including 28 healthy volunteers, 51 cirrhotic patients and 111 liver-transplanted patients. Six interesting gut bacteria, plasma endotoxin, serum cytokines (i.e., tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6) and fecal secretory IgA (SIgA) were investigated by real-time quantitative PCR, chromogenic limulus amoebocyte assay, sandwich-type enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and radioimmunoassay, respectively. RESULTS: All Eubacteria, Bifidobacterium spp., Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Lactobacillus spp. were significantly lower in the liver transplantation recipients while Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcus spp. were significantly higher (P<0.05). Except for Enterococcus spp., other bacteria showed a tendency to restore to normal level along with the time after liver transplantation. Plasma endotoxin, interleukin-6 and fecal SIgA in cirrhotic patients increased significantly, but not in liver transplantation recipients. Plasma endotoxin and interleukin-6 were negatively correlated with all Eubacteria and the Bacteroides-Prevotella group, while tumor necrosis factor alpha was not significantly correlated with these six gut bacteria in cirrhotic patients.CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that abundant gut bacteria were altered significantly in both cirrhotic and liver transplantation patients, while plasma endotoxin and interleukin-6 increased remarkably in cirrhotic patients, showing significant correlations with gut microbiota. Interestingly, our data show a tendency for these gut bacteria to restore to normal levels in liver transplantation recipients. | Zhong-Wen Wu, Zong-Xin Ling, Hai-Feng Lu, Jian Zuo, Ji-Fang Sheng, Shu-Sen Zheng and Lan-Juan Li State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases Key Lab of Combined Multiorgan Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Key Lab of Organ Transplantation and Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery , First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China | 2012 | Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases International2012，11，1： | 37 |
| 9 | Recent advances in fermented feeds towards improved broiler chicken performance, gastrointestinal tract microecology and immune responses: A review显示文摘Previously, fermentation has been associated with methods that improve the nutritional value of unconventional feed ingredients for broilers. In recent decades, the fermentation process has been employed to produce functional feeds that have the potential to improve broiler gastrointestinal tract microecology, health and production performance. Some of the functional ingredients found in fermented feed include lactic acid bacteria(LAB), lactic acid and other organic acids, and appear to play major roles in determining the beneficial effects of fermented feed on broiler gut health and performance. Unlike the pig, the available literature on broiler fermented feed is still rather limited. This review describes recent advances in the use of fermented feed(on the basis of conventional and unconventional feed ingredients) in broilers. Similarly, this review also shows that additional research is necessary to exploit fermented feed as a viable food source in broiler nutrition. | Sugiharto Sugiharto Samir Ranjitkar | 2019 | Animal Nutrition2019，，1： | 37 |
| 10 | Human gut microbiome: the second genome of human body显示文摘The human body is actually a super-organism that is composed of 10 times more microbial cells than our body cells.Metagenomic study of the human microbiome has demonstrated that there are 3.3 million unique genes in human gut,150 times more genes than our own genome,and the bacterial diversity analysis showed that about 1000 bacterial species are living in our gut and a majority of them belongs to the divisions of Firmicutes and Bacteriodetes.In addition,most people share a core microbiota that comprises 50–100 bacterial species when the frequency of abundance at phylotype level is not considered,and a core microbiome harboring more than 6000 functional gene groups is present in the majority of human gut surveyed till now.Gut bacteria are not only critical for regulating gut metabolism,but also important for host immune system as revealed by animal studies. | Baoli Zhu Xin Wang Lanjuan Li | 2010 | Protein & Cell2010，1，8： | 40 |
| 11 | Changes of plasma D(-) -lactate, diamine oxidase and endotoxin in patients with liver cirrhosis显示文摘BACKGROUND: Plasma D(-)-lactate and diamine oxidase (DAO) can reflect patients’ intestinal mucosal condition. We evaluated the changes of plasma D (-)-lactate, DAO and endotoxin activities and their significance in patients with liver cirrhosis. METHODS: Fifty liver cirrhosis patients were enrolled into experimental group and 30 healthy people into control group. The plasma levels of D(-)-lactate, DAO and endo- toxin were detected spectrophotographically. RESULTS: The level of D(-)-lactate was significantly high- er in the experimental group than that in the control group (P<0.01). Significant differences of D (-)-lactate levels were observed in Child-Pugh subgroups of the experimen- tal group (P <0. 01). The level of DAO was significantly higher in the experimental group than that in the control group (P <0.01), but the level of DAO in Child-Pugh sub- group C was significantly lower than that in Child-Pugh subgroup B (P<0.01). The level of endotoxin was signifi- cantly increased in the experimental group except Child Pugh subgroup A (P<0.01). The plasma levels of D(-) lactate, DAO and endotoxin were positively correlated with each other (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that both plasma D(-) lactate and DAO activity are sensitive markers for early diagnosis of gut failure and endotoxemia in patients with liver cirrhosis. The impairment of intestinal barrier func- tion may be one of the critical reasons for deterioration of liver cirrhosis. | Peng Ruan, Zuo-Jiong Gong and Quan-Rong Zhang Wuhan, China Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital Wuhan University Medical College, Wuhan 430060 , China | 2004 | Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases International2004，3，1： | 31 |
| 12 | Gut-liver axis in liver cirrhosis: How to manage leaky gut and endotoxemia显示文摘A 'leaky gut' may be the cutting edge for the passage of toxins, antigens or bacteria into the body, and may play a pathogenic role in advanced liver cirrhosis and its complications. Plasma endotoxin levels have been admitted as a surrogate marker of bacterial translocation and close relations of endotoxemia to hyperdynamic circulation, portal hypertension, renal, cardiac, pulmonary and coagulation disturbances have been reported. Bacterial overgrowth, increased intestinal permeability, failure to inactivate endotoxin,activated innate immunity are all likely to play a role in the pathological states of bacterial translocation. Therapeutic approach by management of the gut-liver axis by antibiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, prebiotics and their combinations may improve the clinical course of cirrhotic patients. Special concern should be paid on anti-endotoxin treatment. Adequate management of the gut-liver axis may be effective for prevention of liver cirrhosis itself by inhibiting the progression of fibrosis. | Hiroshi Fukui | 2015 | World Journal of Hepatology2015，7，3： | 32 |
| 13 | Effects of Bacillus coagulans supplementation on the growth performance and gut health of broiler chickens with Clostridium perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis显示文摘Background: The poultry industry is in need of effective antibiotic alternatives to control outbreaks of necrotic enteritis(NE) due to Clostridium perfringens.Methods: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding Bacil us coagulans on the growth performance and gut health of broiler chickens with C. perfringens-induced NE. Two hundred and forty 1-day-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with two dietary B. coagulans levels(0 or 4 × 109 CFU/kg of diet) and two disease chal enge statuses(control or NE chal enged).Results: NE-induced reduction in body weight gain was relieved by the addition of B. coagulans into broiler diets compared with the NE-infected birds. NE infection damaged intestinal morphological structure, promoted intestinal C.perfringens growth and liver invasion, and enhanced anti-C. perfringens specific sI gA concentrations in the gut and specific IgG levels in serum compared with the uninfected birds. NE infection significantly(P < 0.05) decreased mucin-2(at 14 d post-infection(DPI), tol-like receptor 2(TLR2, at 7 and 14 DPI), TLR4(at 7 and 14 DPI), tumor necrosis factor super family15(TNFSF15, at 7 and 14 DPI), lysozyme(LYZ, at 14 DPI) and fowlicidin-2(at 7 and 14 DPI) mR NA levels, whereas it dramatical y(P = 0.001) increased IFN-γ mR NA levels at 7 DPI. However, chal enged birds fed diets supplemented with B.coagulans showed a significant(P < 0.01) decrease in gut lesion scores, decreased C. perfringens numbers in the cecum and liver, and an increase in fowlicidin-2 mR NA levels in compared with the uninfected birds. In addition, compared with the non-supplemented group, dietary inclusion of B. coagulans improved intestinal barrier structure, further increased specific sI gA levels and alkaline phosphatase(IAP) activity in the jejunum, enhanced the expression of jejunum lysozyme mR NA, and inhibited the growth, colonization, and invasion of C. perfringens; in contrast, it reduced serum-specific IgG concentrations and jejunum IFN-γ mR NA levels.Conclusion: These results indicated that dietary B. coagulans supplementation appeared to be effective in preventing the occurrence and reducing the severity of C. perfringens-induced NE in broiler chickens. | Yuanyuan Wu Yujing Shao Bochen Song Wenrui Zhen Zhong Wang Yuming Guo Muhammad Suhaib Shahid Wei Nie | 2018 | Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology2018，9，2： | 31 |
| 14 | Black soldier fly defatted meal as a dietary protein source for broiler chickens:Effects on growth performance,blood traits,gut morphology and histological features显示文摘Background: The present study has evaluated the effects of different inclusion levels of a partially defatted black soldier fly(Hermetia illucens L.; HI) larva meal on the growth performance, blood parameters and gut morphology of broiler chickens. A total of 256 male broiler chickens(Ross 308) were reared from d 1 to d 35 and assigned to4 dietary treatments(8 replicates/treatment and 8 birds/replicate). HI larva meal was included at increasing levels(0, 5%, 10% and 15%; HI0, HI5, HI10 and HI15, respectively) in isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets formulated for 3 feeding phases: starter(1–10 d), growing(10–24 d) and finisher(24–35 d). Two birds per pen were slaughtered at d 35 and morphometric investigations and histopathological alterations were performed.Results: The live weight(LW) showed linear and quadratic responses to increasing HI larva meal(maximum for HI10 group). Average daily gain(ADG) showed a linear and quadratic responses to HI meal(maximum for HI10 group) during starter and growing periods. A linear decrease was observed for ADG during the finisher period. The daily feed intake(DFI) showed a linear and quadratic effect during the starter period(maximum for HI10 group).Linear and quadratic responses were observed for the feed conversion ratio(FCR) in the growing period and for the whole period of the experiment. The FCR showed a linear response in the finisher period(maximum for HI15).No significant effects were observed for the blood and serum parameters, except for the phosphorus concentration,which showed linear and quadratic responses as well as glutathione peroxidase(GPx) activity, the latter of which showed a linear response. The HI15 birds showed a lower villus height, a higher crypt depth and a lower villus height-to-crypt depth ratio than the other groups.Conclusions: Increasing levels of dietary HI meal inclusion in male broiler chickens may improve the LW and DFI during the starter period, but may also negatively affect the FCR and gut morphology, thus suggesting that low levels may be more suitable. However, no significant effects on the haematochemical parameters or histological findings were observed in relation to HI meal utilization. | Sihem Dabbou Francesco Gai Ilaria Biasato Maria Teresa Capucchio Elena Biasibetti Daniela Dezzutto Marco Meneguz Iveta Plachà Laura Gasco Achille Schiavone | 2018 | Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology2018，9，4： | 34 |
| 15 | Ablation of gut microbiota alleviates obesity-induced hepatic steatosis and glucose intolerance by modulating bile acid metabolism in hamsters显示文摘Since metabolic process differs between humans and mice, studies were performed in hamsters, which are generally considered to be a more appropriate animal model for studies of obesityrelated metabolic disorders. The modulation of gut microbiota, bile acids and the farnesoid X receptor(FXR) axis is correlated with obesity-induced insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis in mice. However,the interactions among the gut microbiota, bile acids and FXR in metabolic disorders remained largely unexplored in hamsters. In the current study, hamsters fed a 60% high-fat diet(HFD) were administeredvehicle or an antibiotic cocktail by gavage twice a week for four weeks. Antibiotic treatment alleviated HFD-induced glucose intolerance, hepatic steatosis and inflammation accompanied with decreased hepatic lipogenesis and elevated thermogenesis in subcutaneous white adipose tissue(sWAT). In the livers of antibiotic-treated hamsters, cytochrome P450 family 7 subfamily B member 1(CYP7 B1) in the alternative bile acid synthesis pathway was upregulated, contributing to a more hydrophilic bile acid profile with increased tauro-β-muricholic acid(TβMCA). The intestinal FXR signaling was suppressed but remained unchanged in the liver. This study is of potential translational significance in determining the role of gut microbiota-mediated bile acid metabolism in modulating diet-induced glucose intolerance and hepatic steatosis in the hamster. | Lulu Sun Yuanyuan Pang Xuemei Wang Qing Wu Huiying Liu Bo Liu George Liu Min Ye Wei Kong Changtao Jiang | 2019 | Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B2019，9，4： | 29 |
| 16 | Intestinal microbiota, probiotics and prebiotics in inflammatory bowel disease显示文摘It has been presumed that aberrant immune response to intestinal microorganisms in genetically predisposed individuals may play a major role in the pathogenesis of the inflammatory bowel disease, and there is a good deal of evidence supporting this hypothesis. Commensal enteric bacteria probably play a central role in pathogenesis, providing continuous antigenic stimulation that causes chronic intestinal injury. A strong biologic rationale supports the use of probiotics and prebiotics for inflammatory bowel disease therapy. Many probiotic strains exhibit anti-inflammatory properties through their effects on different immune cells, proinflammatory cytokine secretion depression, and the induction of anti-inflammatory cytokines. There is very strong evidence supporting the use of multispecies probiotic VSL#3 for the prevention or recurrence of postoperative pouchitis in patients. For treatment of active ulcerative colitis, as well as for maintenance therapy, the clinical evidence of efficacy is strongest for VSL#3 and Escherichia coli Nissle 1917. Moreover, some prebiotics, such as germinated barley foodstuff, Psyllium or oligofructose-enriched inulin, might provide some benefit in patients with active ulcerative colitis or ulcerativecolitis in remission. The results of clinical trials in the treatment of active Crohn's disease or the maintenance of its remission with probiotics and prebiotics are disappointing and do not support their use in this disease. The only exception is weak evidence of advantageous use of Saccharomyces boulardii concomitantly with medical therapy in maintenance treatment. | Rok Orel Tina Kamhi Trop | 2014 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2014，20，33： | 27 |
| 17 | Application of metagenomics in the human gut microbiome显示文摘There are more than 1000 microbial species living in the complex human intestine.The gut microbial community plays an important role in protecting the host against pathogenic microbes,modulating immunity,regulating metabolic processes,and is even regarded as an endocrine organ.However,traditional culture methods are very limited for identifying microbes.With the application of molecular biologic technology in the field of the intestinal microbiome,especially metagenomic sequencing of the next-generation sequencing technology,progress has been made in the study of the human intestinal microbiome.Metagenomics can be used to study intestinal microbiome diversity and dysbiosis,as well as its relationship to health and disease.Moreover,functional metagenomics can identify novel functional genes,microbial pathways,antibiotic resistance genes,functional dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiome,and determine interactions and co-evolution between microbiota and host,though there are still some limitations.Metatranscriptomics,metaproteomics and metabolomics represent enormous complements to the understanding of the human gut microbiome.This review aims to demonstrate that metagenomics can be a powerful tool in studying the human gut microbiome with encouraging prospects.The limitations of metagenomics to be overcome are also discussed.Metatranscriptomics,metaproteomics and metabolomics in relation to the study of the human gut microbiome are also briefly discussed. | Wei-Lin Wang Shao-Yan Xu Zhi-Gang Ren Liang Tao Jian-Wen Jiang Shu-Sen Zheng | 2015 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2015，21，3： | 26 |
| 18 | Gut dysfunction in Parkinson's disease显示文摘Early involvement of gut is observed in Parkinson's disease(PD) and symptoms such as constipation may precede motor symptoms. α-Synuclein pathology is extensively evident in the gut and appears to follow a rostrocaudal gradient. The gut may act as the starting point of PD pathology with spread toward the central nervous system. This spread of the synuclein pathology raises the possibility of prion-like propagation in PD pathogenesis. Recently, the role of gut microbiota in PD pathogenesis has received attention and some phenotypic correlation has also been shown. The extensive involvement of the gut in PD even in its early stages has led to the evaluation of enteric α-synuclein as a possible biomarker of early PD. The clinical manifestations of gastrointestinal dysfunction in PD include malnutrition, oral and dental disorders, sialorrhea, dysphagia, gastroparesis, constipation, and defecatory dysfunction. These conditions are quite distressing for the patients and require relevant investigations and adequate management. Treatment usually involves both pharmacological and nonpharmacological measures. One important aspect of gut dysfunction is its contribution to the clinical fluctuations in PD. Dysphagia and gastroparesis lead to inadequate absorption of oral anti-PD medications. These lead to response fluctuations, particularly delayed-on and no-on, and there is significant relationship between levodopa pharmacokinetics and gastric emptying in patients with PD. Therefore, in such cases, alternative routes of administration or drug delivery systems may be required. | Adreesh Mukherjee Atanu Biswas Shyamal Kumar Das | 2016 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2016，22，25： | 26 |
| 19 | Probiotics and gut health:A special focus on liver diseases显示文摘Probiotic bacteria have well-established beneficial ef-fects in the management of diarrhoeal diseases.Newer evidence suggests that probiotics have the potential to reduce the risk of developing inflammatory bowel diseases and intestinal bacterial overgrowth after gut surgery.In liver health,the main benefits of probiotics might occur through preventing the production and/or uptake of lipopolysaccharides in the gut,and therefore reducing levels of low-grade inflammation.Specific immune stimulation by probiotics through processes involving dendritic cells might also be beneficial to the host immunological status and help prevent pathogen translocation.Hepatic fat metabolism also seems to be influenced by the presence of commensal bacteria,and potentially by probiotics;although the mechanisms by which probiotic might act on the liver are still unclear.However,this might be of major importance in the fu-ture because low-grade inflammation,hepatic fat infil-tration,and hepatitis might become more prevalent as a result of high fat intake and the increased prevalence of obesity. | Silvia Wilson Gratz Hannu Mykkanen Hani S El-Nezami | 2010 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2010，16，4： | 24 |
| 20 | Gastrointestinal dysfunction in liver cirrhosis显示文摘Patients with liver cirrhosis exhibit several features of gut dysfunction which may contribute to the development of cirrhosis complications as well as have an impact on nutritional status and health-related quality of life.Gastrointestinal symptoms are common in cirrhosis and their pathophysiology probably involves factors related to liver disease severity,psychological distress,and gut dysfunction(e.g.,increased gastric sensitivity to distension and delayed gut transit).They may lead to reduced food intake and,thus,may contribute to the nutritional status deterioration in cirrhotic patients.Although tense ascites appears to have a negative impact on meal-induced accommodation of the stomach,published data on gastric accommodation in cirrhotics without significant ascites are not unanimous.Gastric emptying and small bowel transit have generally been shown to be prolonged.This may be related to disturbances in postprandial glucose,insulin,and ghrelin levels,which,in turn,appear to be associated to insulin resistance,a common finding in cirrhosis.Furthermore,small bowel manometry disturbances and delayed gut transit may be associated with the development of small bowel bacterial overgrowth.Finally,several studies have reported intestinal barrier dysfunction in patients with cirrhosis(especially those with portal hypertension),which is related to bacterial translocation and permeation of intestinal bacterial products,e.g.,endo-toxin and bacterial DNA,thus potentially being involved in the pathogenesis of complications of liver cirrhosis. | Evangelos Kalaitzakis | 2014 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2014，20，40： | 24 |
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