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| 1 | Colorectal liver metastases:An update on multidisciplinary approach显示文摘Liver metastasis is the commonest form of distant metastasis in colorectal cancer.Selection criteria for surgery and liver-directed therapies have recently been extended.However,resectability remains poorly defined.Tumour biology is increasingly recognized as an important prognostic factor;hence molecular profiling has a growing role in risk stratification and management planning.Surgical resection is the only treatment modality for curative intent.The most appropriate surgical approach is yet to be established.The primary cancer and the hepatic metastasis can be removed simultaneously or in a two-step approach;these two strategies have comparable long-term outcomes.For patients with a limited future liver remnant,portal vein embolization,combined ablation and resection,and associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy have been advocated,and each has their pros and cons.The role of neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy is still debated.Targeted biological agents and loco-regional therapies(thermal ablation,intra-arterial chemo-or radio-embolization,and stereotactic radiotherapy) further improve the already favourable results.The recent debate about offering liver transplantation to highly selected patients needs validation from large clinical trials.Evidencebased protocols are missing,and therefore optimal management of hepatic metastasis should be personalized and determined by a multi-disciplinary team. | Felix Che-Lok Chow Kenneth Siu-Ho Chok | 2019 | World Journal of Hepatology2019，11，2： | 20 |
| 2 | Biomarkers and subtypes of deranged lipid metabolism in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease显示文摘Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)is a heterogeneous and complex disease that is imprecisely diagnosed by liver biopsy.NAFLD covers a spectrum that ranges from simple steatosis,nonalcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH)with varying degrees of fibrosis,to cirrhosis,which is a major risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma.Lifestyle and eating habit changes during the last century have made NAFLD the most common liver disease linked to obesity,type 2 diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia,with a global prevalence of 25%.NAFLD arises when the uptake of fatty acids(FA)and triglycerides(TG)from circulation and de novo lipogenesis saturate the rate of FAβ-oxidation and verylow density lipoprotein(VLDL)-TG export.Deranged lipid metabolism is also associated with NAFLD progression from steatosis to NASH,and therefore,alterations in liver and serum lipidomic signatures are good indicators of the disease’s development and progression.This review focuses on the importance of the classification of NAFLD patients into different subtypes,corresponding to the main alteration(s)in the major pathways that regulate FA homeostasis leading,in each case,to the initiation and progression of NASH.This concept also supports the targeted intervention as a key approach to maximize therapeutic efficacy and opens the door to the development of precise NASH treatments. | José M Mato Cristina Alonso Mazen Noureddin Shelly C Lu | 2019 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2019，25，24： | 19 |
| 3 | Circulating tumor DNA as a liquid biopsy target for detection of pancreatic cancer显示文摘Most pancreatic cancer patients present with advanced metastatic disease, resulting in extremely poor 5-year survival, mainly because of the lack of a reliable modality for early detection and limited therapeutic options for advanced disease. Therefore, there is a need for minimally-invasive diagnostic tools for detecting pancreatic cancer at an early stage, when curative surgery and also novel therapeutic approaches including precision medicine may be feasible. The 'liquid biopsy' addresses these unmet clinical needs based on the concept that simple peripheral blood sampling and detection of circulating tumor DNA(ct DNA) could provide diagnostic information. In this review, we provide an overview of the current status of bloodbased tests for diagnosis of pancreatic cancer and the potential utility of ct DNA for precision medicine. We also discuss challenges that remain to be addressed in developing practical ct DNA-based liquid biopsy approaches for early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. | Erina Takai Shinichi Yachida | 2016 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2016，22，38： | 8 |
| 4 | Precision medicine in gastric cancer显示文摘Gastric cancer(GC)is a complex disease linked to a series of environmental factors and unhealthy lifestyle habits,and especially to genetic alterations.GC represents the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide.Its onset is subtle,and the majority of patients are diagnosed once the cancer is already advanced.In recent years,there have been innovations in the management of advanced GC including the introduction of new classifications based on its molecular characteristics.Thanks to new technologies such as next-generation sequencing and microarray,the Cancer Genome Atlas and Asian Cancer Research Group classifications have also paved the way for precision medicine in GC,making it possible to integrate diagnostic and therapeutic methods.Among the objectives of the subdivision of GC into subtypes is to select patients in whom molecular targeted drugs can achieve the best results;many lines of research have been initiated to this end.After phase III clinical trials,trastuzumab,anti-Erb-B2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2(commonly known as ERBB2)and ramucirumab,anti-vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2(commonly known as VEGFR2)monoclonal antibodies,were approved and introduced into first-and second-line therapies for patients with advanced/metastatic GC.However,the heterogeneity of this neoplasia makes the practical application of such approaches difficult.Unfortunately,scientific progress has not been matched by progress in clinical practice in terms of significant improvements in prognosis.Survival continues to be low in contrast to the reduction in deaths from many common cancers such as colorectal,lung,breast,and prostate cancers.Although several target molecules have been identified on which targeted drugs can act and novel products have been introduced into experimental therapeutic protocols,the overall approach to treating advanced stage GC has not substantially changed.Currently,surgical resection with adjuvant or neoadjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy are the most effective treatments for this disease.Future research should not underestimate the heterogeneity of GC when developing diagnostic and therapeutic strategies aimed toward improving patient survival. | Patrizia Bonelli Antonella Borrelli Franca Maria Tuccillo Lucrezia Silvestro Raffaele Palaia Franco Maria Buonaguro | 2019 | World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology2019，11，10： | 8 |
| 5 | Development of precision medicine approaches based on inter-individual variability of BCRP/ABCG2显示文摘Precision medicine is a rapidly-developing modality of medicine in human healthcare.Based on each patient’s unique characteristics, more accurate dosages and drug selection can be made to achieve better therapeutic efficacy and less adverse reactions in precision medicine. A patient’s individual parameters that affect drug transporter action can be used to develop a precision medicine guidance, due to the fact that therapeutic efficacy and adverse reactions of drugs can both be affected by expression and function of drug transporters on the cell membrane surface. The purpose of this review is to summarize unique characteristics of human breast cancer resistant protein(BCRP) and the genetic variability in the BCRP encoded gene ABCG2 in the development of precision medicine. Inter-individual variability of BCRP/ABCG2 can impact choices and outcomes of drug treatment for several diseases, including cancer chemotherapy. Several factors have been implicated in expression and function of BCRP, including genetic, epigenetic, physiologic,pathologic, and environmental factors. Understanding the roles of these factors in controlling expression and function of BCRP is critical for the development of precision medicine based on BCRP-mediated drug transport. | Liming Chen Jose E.Manautou Theodore P.Rasmussen Xiao-bo Zhong | 2019 | Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B2019，9，4： | 6 |
| 6 | Challenges of bone tissue engineering in orthopaedic patients显示文摘Bone defects may impede normal biomechanics and the structural stability of bone as an organ. In many cases, the correction of bone defects requires extensive surgical intervention involving the use of bone-grafting techniques and other procedures in which healing is slow, there is a high risk of infection and considerable pain is provoked- with no guarantee of complete correction of the defect. Therefore, the search for surgical alternatives continues to present a major challenge in orthopaedic traumatology. The reamer-irrigator-aspirator(RIA) system, which was devised to avoid the problems that can arise with autograft harvesting from the iliac crest, consists of collecting the product of the femoral canal after reaming. The RIA technique improves osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells, compared to bone marrow aspiration or cancellous bone harvesting from the iliac crest using a spoon. Another approach, the Masquelet technique, consists of reconstructing a long bone defect by means of an induced membrane grown onto an acrylic cement rod inserted to fill the defect; in a second surgical step, once the membrane is constituted, the cement rod is removed and cancellous autograft is used to fill the defect. Both in RIA and in the Masquelet technique, osteosynthesis is usually needed. Bone transportation by compression-distraction lengthening principles is commonly implemented for the treatment of large bone loss. However, complications are frequently encountered with these techniques. Among new techniques that have been proposed to address the problem of large bone loss, the application of stem cells in conjunction with tissue engineering techniques is very promising, as is the creation of personalised medicine(or precision medicine), in which molecular profiling technologies are used to tailor the therapeutic strategy, to ensure the right method is applied for the right person at the right time, after determining the predisposition to disease among the general population. All of the above techniques for addressing bone defects are discussed in this paper. | Enrique Guerado Enrique Caso | 2017 | World Journal of Orthopedics2017，8，2： | 6 |
| 7 | Circulating Tumor DNA as Biomarkers for CancerDetection显示文摘Detection of circulating tumor DNAs(ct DNAs) in cancer patients is an important component of cancer precision medicine ct DNAs. Compared to the traditional physical and biochemical methods, blood-based ct DNA detection offers a non-invasive and easily accessible way for cancer diagnosis, prognostic determination, and guidance for treatment. While studies on this topic are currently underway, clinical translation of ct DNA detection in various types of cancers has been attracting much attention, due to the great potential of ct DNA as blood-based biomarkers for early diagnosis and treatment of cancers. ct DNAs are detected and tracked primarily based on tumorrelated genetic and epigenetic alterations. In this article, we reviewed the available studies on ct DNA detection and described the representative methods. We also discussed the current understanding of ct DNAs in cancer patients and their availability as potential biomarkers for clinical purposes. Considering the progress made and challenges involved in accurate detection of specific cell-free nucleic acids, ct DNAs hold promise to serve as biomarkers for cancer patients, and further validation is needed prior to their broad clinical use. | Xiao Han Junyun Wang Yingli Sun | 2017 | Genomics, Proteomics & Bioinformatics2017，15，2： | 6 |
| 8 | Collaboration for success:the value of strategic collaborations for precision medicine and biomarker discovery显示文摘Precision medicine aims to provide the precise treatment for the patient with the right dose at the right point of time.Biomarkers(BM)are vital for the identification of patients who would benefit the most from individualized treatment.In addition,they help to enable the prediction of prognosis,the detection of early therapeutic and adverse effects,and may serve as surrogate endpoints in clinical trials.BM are becoming essential tools to increase productivity in drug discovery and impressively enhance the way medicine is practiced.However,the identification,sufficient validation and implementation of such BM are challenging.This process requires expertise from different areas and high resource investments.Collaborations of different partners may be helpful to overcome these challenges.In the past decade,collaborations between diagnostics and pharmaceutical companies as well as industrial–academic collaborations have been increasingly pursued.Moreover,public funding may offer support and open new opportunities to form such consortia.Herein we give an overview of the different types of collaborations,their opportunities and challenges,and describe experiences in forming strategic partnerships with other companies. | Lilla Landeck Monika Lessl Joachim Reischl Andreas Busch Patricia Carrigan Matthias Gottwald Petra Reinke Khusru Asadullah | 2016 | Advances in Precision Medicine2016，1，1： | 3 |
| 9 | Generation and application of patient-derived xenograft models in pancreatic cancer research显示文摘Objective:Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cancer(PDAC)is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide.Hence,the development of effective anti-PDAC therapies is urgently required.Patient-derived xenograft(PDX)models are useful models for developing anti-cancer therapies and screening drugs for pre&sion medicine.This review aimed to provide an updated summary of using PDX models in PDAC.Data sources:The author retrieved information from the PubMed database up to June 2019 using various combinations of search terms,including PDAC,pancreatic carcinoma,pancreatic cancer,patient-derived xenografts or PDX,and patient-derived tumor xenografts or PDTX.Study selection:Original articles and review articles relevant to the review's theme were selected.Results:PDX models are better than cell line-derived xenograft and other models.PDX models consistently demonstrate retained tumor morphology and genetic stability,are benefi&al in cancer research,could enhance drug discovery and oncologic mechanism development of PDAC,allow an improved understanding of human cancer cell biology,and help guide personalized treatmem.Conclusions:In this review,we outline the status and application of PDX models in both basic and pre-clinical pancreatic cancer researches.PDX model is one of the most appropriate pre-clinical tools that can improve the prognosis of patients with pancreatic cancer in the future. | Cheng-Fang Wang Xian-Jie Shi | 2019 | Chinese Medical Journal2019，，22： | 3 |
| 10 | ECRG4: a new potential target in precision medicine显示文摘Given the rapid development in precision medicine, tremendous efforts have been devoted to discovering new biomarkers for disease diagnosis and treatment. Esophageal cancer-related gene-4 (ECRG4),which is initially known as a new candidate tumor suppressor gene, is emerging as a sentinel molecule for gauging tissue homeostasis. ECRG4 is unique in its cytokine-like functional pattern and epigenetically-regulated gene expression pattern. The gene can be released from the cell membrane upon activation and detected in liquid biopsy, thus offering considerable potential in precision medicine. This review provides an updated summary on the biology of ECRG4, with emphasis on its important roles in cancer diagnosis and therapy. The future perspectives of ECRG4 as a potential molecular marker in precision medicine are also discussed in detail. | Xin Qin Ping Zhang | 2019 | Frontiers of Medicine2019，13，5： | 3 |
| 11 | EGFR amplification induces sensitivity to antiEGFR therapy in pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma显示文摘Pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma(PACC) is a rare cancer. When the tumor is metastatic, few therapeutic options are available. Precision medicine using next-generation sequencing is defined by the administration of drugs based on the tumor genetic mutations. The usage of precision medicine for finding new therapeutic options for rare cancers is an emerging field. We have reported here the case of a patient bearing a multitreated metastatic PACC. This patient underwent somatic and constitutional exome analyses. The analyses revealed in the liver metastasis an amplification of the EGFR gene. Accordingly, the patient was treated with off-label usage of panitumumab. We observed rapid response with necrosis of the liver metastasis, while no efficacy was observed in the primary tumor. An exome analysis of the primary tumor revealed amplification of HER2 and MET with EGFR amplification. Such amplifications are known as a resistance mechanism to anti EGFR therapy. Our results suggest that exome analysis may be helpful to highlight targets in rare cancers, such as PACC. EGFR amplification in this pathology should be determined and could be used as a biomarker to propose anti EGFR therapy. | Corentin Richard Julie Niogret Romain Boidot Francois Ghiringhelli | 2018 | World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology2018，10，4： | 1 |
| 12 | Relationship between T-cell receptor α gene polymorphisms and symptomatic differences in patients with narcolepsy type 1显示文摘Background:Recent genome-wide association studies have identified an important role of T-cell receptor α(TRA) gene in the development of narcolepsy type 1.However,the role of TRA haplotype polymorphisms in the symptomatic diversity of narcolepsy remains unclear.This study aimed to investigate whether TRA polymorphisms can influence the symptomatic diversity of narcolepsy.Methods:Totally,903 patients with narcolepsy type 1 were included in the study.Patients were divided into different groups according to their symptoms.First,13 genotyped single nucleotide polymorphisms in the TRA were assessed for their association with symptoms of narcolepsy.We used the Chi-square test to determine differences in genotype frequencies in patients with narcolepsy.Further,we identified the haplotypes and variations of the TRA and tested their association with the symptoms of narcolepsy using a logistic regression model.Results:According to the results of the logistic regression,TRA haplotypes TG and CT were significantly associated with auditory hallucination,with odds ratios of 1.235 (95% confidence interval [CI],1.012-1.507) and 1.236 (95% CI,1.012-1.511),respectively (P < 0.05).Contusions:The patterns of haplotype in TRA (haplotypes TG and CT) are associated with hypnagogic auditory hallucination in patients with narcolepsy type 1.However,further studies are needed to confirm our results and explore the underlying mechanisms. | Hui Ouyang Fang Han Ze-Chen Zhou Qi-Wen Zheng Yang-Yang Wang Jun Zhang | 2019 | Chinese Medical Journal2019，，15： | 1 |
| 13 | Sequencing XMET genes to promote genotype-guided risk assessment and precision medicine显示文摘High-throughput next generation sequencing (NGS) is a shotgun approach applied in a parallel fashion by which the genome is fragmented and sequenced through small pieces and then analyzed either by aligning to a known reference genome or by de novo assembly without reference genome.This technology has led researchers to conduct an explosion of sequencing related projects in multidisciplinary fields of science.However,due to the limitations of sequencing-based chemistry,length of sequencing reads and the complexity of genes,it is difficult to determine the sequences of some portions of the human genome,leaving gaps in genomic data that frustrate further analysis.Particularly,some complex genes are difficult to be accurately sequenced or mapped because they contain high GC-content and/or low complexity regions,and complicated pseudogenes,such as the genes encoding xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes and transporters (XMETs).The genetic variants in XMET genes are critical to predicate interindividual variability in drug efficacy,drug safety and susceptibility to environmental toxicity.We summarized and discussed challenges,wet-lab methods,and bioinformatics algorithms in sequencing 'complex' XMET genes,which may provide insightful information in the application of NGS technology for implementation in toxicogenomics and pharmacogenomics. | Yaqiong Jin Geng Chen Wenming Xiao Huixiao Hong Joshua Xu Yongli Guo Wenzhong Xiao Tieliu Shi Leming Shi Weida Tong Baitang Ning | 2019 | Science China(Life Sciences)2019，62，7： | 1 |
| 14 | Gallbladder cancer harboring ERBB2 mutation on the primary and metastatic site: A case report显示文摘BACKGROUND Bile duct cancer constitutes gallbladder cancer(GBC),intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma(ICA),and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma(ECA).These three entities show morphological and immunohistochemical resemblance so that it is difficult to differentiate between primary ICA and liver metastasis of GBC,which sometimes becomes a point of discussion in clinical practice.Although these cancers demonstrate significant differences in their mutational landscape,several reports demonstrated shared genomic alteration in paired primary and metastatic site aids in distinguishing metastatic recurrence from second primary cancers.CASE SUMMARY We present a 73-year-old female patient who underwent curative resection for GBC harboring epidermal growth factor receptor 2(ERBB2)activating mutation on next-generation sequencing(NGS)-based genomic testing.One year later,a hepatic lesion was observed on follow-up imaging and she underwent surgical resection for a pathological diagnosis.The histological findings of the hepatic lesion were similar to those of the primary lesion.Additionally,using NGS panel testing,the hepatic lesion was found to have ERBB2 activating mutation,which is the identical mutation detected in the sequencing result of the primary site.ERBB2 activating mutation occurs more frequently in GBC than ICA and ECA.Therefore,in the present case,we think this molecular finding potentiated the diagnosis of the liver mass toward a metastatic recurrence.Additionally,this patient underwent HER2-targeted treatment with lapatinib in combination with capecitabin and obtained clinical benefit.CONCLUSION This case illustrated NGS panel usefulness in distinguishing GBC recurrence from second primary cancer and HER2-targeted agent efficacy on ERBB2 mutated GBC. | Chiaki Inagaki Daichi Maeda Akie Kimura Toru Otsuru Yoshifumi Iwagami Naohiro Nishida Daisuke Sakai Ryo Shitotsuki Shinichi Yachida Yuichiro Doki Taroh Satoh | 2019 | World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology2019，11，9： | 1 |
| 15 | The era of clinical application of gene diagnosis in cardiovascular diseases is coming显示文摘Gene diagnosis refers to the use of genetic testing in the diagnosis of inheritable conditions,which has gradually been applied in clinical practice with the completion of the gene sequencing efforts of the Human Genome Project and the advancement of gene detection technology.In the specialty field of cardiology,monogenic cardiovascular diseases are defined as monogenic inherited diseases with cardiovascular damage as the only phenotype,or accompanied by cardiovascular damage.Although the incidence of such diseases is relatively low,in the country of China with its vast population of 1.33 billion,the sheer volume of patients with monogenic cardiovascular diseases is alarming.With early onset,severe symptoms,and poor prognosis,delays in diagnosis and treatment of monogenic cardiovascular diseases often have serious consequences.Gene testing is perfectly suited for early diagnosis of monogenic cardiovascular diseases,especially for“pre-symptomatic”diagnosis.In this article,we generally review the characteristics of common monogenic cardiovascular diseases,summarize the progress of the standardized application of gene testing technology in clinical practice,describe the applicable population and condition of genetic testing for different monogenic cardiovascular diseases,analyze the practicality of genetic diagnosis of these inheritable conditions,and provide guidance on identifying suitable candidates for gene diagnosis.In conclusion,gene diagnosis provides new insights into the way physicians diagnose diseases,and is well-positioned to guide clinical decision making and treatment,especially in cardiology. | Yu-Bao Zou Ru-Tai Hui Lei Song | 2019 | Chronic Diseases and Translational Medicine2019，5，4： | 0 |
| 16 | Is the determination of ctDNA a scientific “spy” that foresees cancer?显示文摘Since 1948, circulating tumour DNA(ctDNA) was first identified in human blood. ctDNA is in fact DNA shed by tumour cells from all metastatic tumour locations throughout the whole body, and is thrown into the bloodstream and can then be isolated by a standard blood draw. Using this technique scientists can obtain a wide view of tumour heterogeneity, identify different mechanisms of drug resistance, what is its predominance and the clinical rational of precision cancer medicine become a part of our daily practice. Secondly, early detection of cancer may also contribute to global decrease in cancer mortality. | Joana Espiga de Macedo Manuela Machado | 2017 | World Journal of Respirology2017，7，2： | 0 |
| 17 | Innovation for rare diseases and bioethical concerns: A thin thread between medical progress and suffering显示文摘@Alberto Tommasini@Andrea Magnolato@Irene | Alberto Tommasini ANDrea Magnolato Irene Bruno | 2018 | World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics2018，7，3： | 0 |
| 18 | Precision medicine: do not neglect the hurdles显示文摘Tremendous expectations have been connected with precision medicine in the past years. Beside the advantages that this type of therapy offers we should be aware of its challenges too. In this issue we will highlight on specific challenges that the pharmacological industry is opposed with when developing new targeted therapies. In addition, we will discuss issues with the reproducibility of published scientific data. | Lilla Landeck Patricia Carrigan Khusru Asadullah | 2016 | Advances in Precision Medicine2016，1，2： | 0 |
| 19 | Reproducibility of preclinical data: one man's poison is another man's meat显示文摘Limited reproducibility of preclinical data is increasingly discussed in the literature. Failure of drug development programs due to lack of clinical efficacy is also of growing concern. The two phenomena may share an important root cause — a lack of robustness in preclinical research. Such a lack of robustness can be a relevant cause of failure in translating preclinical findings into clinical efficacy and hence attrition, and exaggerated cost in drug development. Apart from the study design and data analysis factors (e.g., insufficient sample sizes, failure to implement blinding, and randomization), heterogeneity among experimental models (e.g., animal strains) and the conditions of the study used between different laboratories is a major contributor to the lacking of robustness of research findings. The flipside of this coin is that the understanding of the causes of heterogeneity across experimental models may lead to the identification of relevant factors for defining the responder populations. Thus, this heterogeneity within preclinical findings could be an asset, rather than an obstacle, for precision medicine. To enable this paradigm shift, several steps need to be taken to identify conditions under which drugs do not work. An improved granularity in the reporting of preclinical studies is central among them (i.e., details about the study design, experimental conditions, quality of tools and reagents, validation of assay conditions, etc.). These actions need to be discussed jointly by the research communities interested in preclinical data robustness and precision medicine. Thus, we propose that a lack of robustness due to the heterogeneity across models and conditions of the study is not necessarily a liability for biomedical research but can be transformed into an asset of precision medicine. | Anton Bespalov Christoph H. Emmerich Bjorn Gerlach Martin C. Michel | 2016 | Advances in Precision Medicine2016，1，2： | 0 |
| 20 | The role of open innovation in biomarker discovery显示文摘Precision medicine aims to treat diseases with special consideration for the individual biological variability. Novel biomarkers (BM) are needed to predict therapeutic responses and to allow for the selection of suitable patients for treatment with certain drugs. However, the identification and validation of appropriate BMs is challenging. Close collaboration between different partners seems to be a key success factor. While the importance of partnerships and larger, well-established consortia in BM discovery such as the pharmaceutical industry and academic institutions is well understood and has been investigated in the past, the use of open-innovation models, also known as ‘crowd sourcing for biomarkers’, is still in its infancy. Crowd sourcing comprises of a — usually via internet — request for problem solution to an open group of users in a kind of an ‘open call’. The community (crowd) is asked to provide solutions. Since the application of the crowd sourcing method offers the possibility to collect as many as possible novel ideas from a broad community with different expertise, this approach is particularly promising for BM development. In this article we describe the first examples of open-innovation models, such as the ‘grants for targets’(G4T) and biomarkers initiative ‘InnoCentive’(innovation/incentive) platform. They may be a fruitful basis for collaborative BM development in the future. | Lilla Landeck Monika Lessl Andreas Busch Matthias Gottwald Khusru Asadullah | 2016 | Advances in Precision Medicine2016，1，2： | 0 |
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