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| 1 | Single-cell multi-omics sequencing of mouse early embryos and embryonic stem cells显示文摘定序技术的单个房间的 epigenome 最近被开发了。然而,在一个单个房间定序的 epigenome 的不同的层的联合还没被完成了。这里,我们开发了定序能分析染色质的技术(单个房间的 COOL-seq ) 的单个房间的 multi-omics 放的 state/nucleosome, DNA methylation,拷贝数字变化和 ploidy 同时从一样的单个哺乳动物的房间。我们使用了这个方法在老鼠 preimplantation 胚胎分析染色质状态和 DNA methylation 的 reprogramming。我们发现了那在以内 < 授精的 12 h,每个单个房间和母亲、父亲的染色体的快速、全球的 reprogramming 经历全球染色体 demethylation 到一个高度打开的染色质状态。这被减少的坦诚在迟了的接合子阶段以后跟随。而且,从迟了的接合子上演到 4 房间,剩余 DNA methylation 优先地在各单个的分裂球在父亲的等位基因的 intergenic 区域和母亲的等位基因的 intragenic 区域上被保存。然而,染色质可接近性在在从迟了的接合子的每个单个房间的父亲、母亲的等位基因之间是类似的到胚囊阶段。几个 pluripotency 管理者的有约束力的主题在远侧的 nucleosome 被充实弄空的区域从象 2 房间阶段一样早。这显示如此的目标基因的 cis 规章的元素从 2 房间阶段被告知到一个开的状态向前,在 pluripotency 最后在胚囊的 ICM 被建立以前,渴望。基因可以被分类进同类地开,同类地关门了并且分叉的状态基于他们在单个房间之中的倡导者区域的染色质可接近性。这能在 preimplantation 开发期间被跟踪到逐步的转变。我们的学习在早老鼠胚胎在单个底的分辨率提供染色体规模染色质状态和 DNA methylation 动力学的第一单个房间、父母的等位基因特定的分析并且提供新卓见进异构还高度在这个过程期间订了 epigenomic reprogramming 的特征。 | Fan Guo Lin Li Jingyun Li Xinglong Wu Boqiang Hu Ping Zhu Lu Wen Fuchou Tang | 2017 | Cell Research2017，27，8： | 34 |
| 2 | Current progress and prospects of induced pluripotent stem cells显示文摘Induced pluripotent stem(iPS) cells are derived from somatic cells by ectopic expression of few transcription factors.Like embryonic stem(ES) cells,iPS cells are able to self-renew indefinitely and to differentiate into all types of cells in the body.iPS cells hold great promise for regenerative medicine,because iPS cells circumvent not only immunological rejection but also ethical issues.Since the first report on the derivation of iPS cells in 2006,many laboratories all over the world started research on iPS cells and have made significant progress.This paper reviews recent progress in iPS cell research,including the methods to generate iPS cells,the molecular mechanism of reprogramming in the formation of iPS cells,and the potential applications of iPS cells in cell replacement therapy.Current problems that need to be addressed and the prospects for iPS research are also discussed. | CHEN LingYi & Liu Lin Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education,College of Life Sciences,Nankai University,Tianjin 300071,China | 2009 | Science China(Life Sciences)2009，52，7： | 11 |
| 3 | Differential neuronal reprogramming induced by NeuroD1 from astrocytes in grey matter versus white matter显示文摘A new technology called in vivo glia-to-neuron conversion has emerged in recent years as a promising next generation therapy for neural regeneration and repair. This is achieved through reprogramming endogenous glial cells into neurons in the central nervous system through ectopically expressing neural transcriptional factors in glial cells. Previous studies have been focusing on glial cells in the grey matter such as the cortex and striatum, but whether glial cells in the white matter can be reprogrammed or not is unknown. To address this fundamental question, we express NeuroD1 in the astrocytes of both grey matter(cortex and striatum) and white matter(corpus callosum) to investigate the conversion efficiency, neuronal subtypes, and electrophysiological features of the converted neurons. We discover that NeuroD1 can efficiently reprogram the astrocytes in the grey matter into functional neurons, but the astrocytes in the white matter are much resistant to neuronal reprogramming. The converted neurons from cortical and striatal astrocytes are composed of both glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons, capable of firing action potentials and having spontaneous synaptic activities. In contrast, the few astrocyte-converted neurons in the white matter are rather immature with rare synaptic events. These results provide novel insights into the differential reprogramming capability between the astrocytes in the grey matter versus the white matter, and highlight the impact of regional astrocytes as well as microenvironment on the outcome of glia-toneuron conversion. Since human brain has large volume of white matter, this study will provide important guidance for future development of in vivo glia-to-neuron conversion technology into potential clinical therapies. Experimental protocols in this study were approved by the Laboratory Animal Ethics Committee of Jinan University(approval No. IACUC-20180321-03) on March 21, 2018. | Min-Hui Liu Wen Li Jia-Jun Zheng Yu-Ge Xu Qing He Gong Chen | 2020 | Neural Regeneration Research2020，15，2： | 10 |
| 4 | Embryonic and adult neural stem cell research in China显示文摘Neural stem cells(NSCs) are one specific type of multipotential stem cells that have the ability to proliferate for a long time and to differentiate into neural cells,including neurons,astrocytes and oligodendrocytes.These NSCs exist in both the embryonic and adult central nervous system(CNS) of all mammalian species.Progress has been made in the understanding of the developmental regulation of NSCs and their function in neurogenesis.This review discusses recent progress in this area,with emphasis on work done by investigators in China. | JIAO JianWei Institute of Neuroscience,State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shanghai 200031,China | 2010 | Science China(Life Sciences)2010，53，3： | 9 |
| 5 | Sox2, a key factor in the regulation of pluripotency and neural differentiation显示文摘Sex determining region Y-box 2(Sox2), a member of the SoxB1 transcription factor family, is an important transcriptional regulator in pluripotent stem cells(PSCs). Together with octamer-binding transcription factor 4 and Nanog, they co-operatively control gene expression in PSCs and maintain their pluripotency. Furthermore, Sox2 plays an essential role in somatic cell reprogram-ming, reversing the epigenetic configuration of differ-entiated cells back to a pluripotent embryonic state. In addition to its role in regulation of pluripotency, Sox2 is also a critical factor for directing the differentiation of PSCs to neural progenitors and for maintaining the properties of neural progenitor stem cells. Here, we review recent findings concerning the involvement of Sox2 in pluripotency, somatic cell reprogramming and neural differentiation as well as the molecular mecha-nisms underlying these roles. | Shuchen Zhang Wei Cui | 2014 | World Journal of Stem Cells2014，6，3： | 9 |
| 6 | Methods of induced pluripotent stem cells for clinical application显示文摘Reprograming somatic cells using exogenetic gene expression represents a groundbreaking step in regenerative medicine. Induced pluripotent stem cells(i PSCs) are expected to yield novel therapies with the potential to solve many issues involving incurable diseases. In particular, applying i PSCs clinically holds the promise of addressing the problems of immune rejection and ethics that have hampered the clinical applications of embryonic stem cells. However, as i PSC research has progressed, new problems have emerged that need to be solved before the routine clinical application of i PSCs can become established. In this review, we discuss the current technologies and future problems of human i PSC generation methods for clinical use. | Tomohisa Seki Keiichi Fukuda | 2015 | World Journal of Stem Cells2015，7，1： | 8 |
| 7 | MicroRNAs as novel regulators of stem cell fate显示文摘Mounting evidence in stem cell biology has shown that microRNAs(miRNAs) play a crucial role in cell fate specification, including stem cell self-renewal, lineagespecific differentiation, and somatic cell reprogramming.These functions are tightly regulated by specific gene expression patterns that involve miRNAs and transcription factors. To maintain stem cell pluripotency, specific miRNAs suppress transcription factors that promote differentiation, whereas to initiate differentiation, lineagespecific miRNAs are upregulated via the inhibition of transcription factors that promote self-renewal. Small molecules can be used in a similar manner as natural miRNAs, and a number of natural and synthetic small molecules have been isolated and developed to regulate stem cell fate. Using miRNAs as novel regulators of stem cell fate will provide insight into stem cell biology and aid in understanding the molecular mechanisms and crosstalk between miRNAs and stem cells.Ultimately, advances in the regulation of stem cell fate will contribute to the development of effective medical therapies for tissue repair and regeneration. This review summarizes the current insights into stem cell fate determination by miRNAs with a focus on stem cell self-renewal, differentiation, and reprogramming. Small molecules that control stem cell fate are also highlighted. | Eunmi Choi Ki-Chul Hwang | 2013 | World Journal of Stem Cells2013，5，4： | 8 |
| 8 | BRIF-Seq: Bisulfite-Converted Randomly Integrated Fragments Sequencing at the Single-Cell Level显示文摘Single-cell bisulfite sequencing (scBS-seq) was developed to assess DNA methylation heterogeneity in human and mouse. However, the reads are under-represented in regions with high DNA methylation, because these regions are usually fragmented into long segments and are seldom sequenced on the lllumina plat. form. To reduce the read distribution bias and maximize the use of these long segments, we developed bisulfite-converted randomly integrated fragments sequencing (BRIF-seq), a method with high rates of read mapping and genome coverage. Single microspore of maize, which has a highly methylated and repetitive genome, was used to perform BRIF.seq. High coverage of the haploid genome was obtained to evaluate the methylation states of CG, CHG, and CHH (H = A, C, or T). Compared with scBS-seq, BRIF-seq produced reads that were distributed more evenly across the genome, including regions with high DNA methylation. Surprisingly, the methylation rates among the four microspores within one tetrad were similar, but differed significantly among tetrads, suggesting that non-simultaneous methylation reprogramming could occur among tetrads. Similar levels of heterogeneity, which often occur in lowcopy regions, were detected in different genetic backgrounds. These results suggest that BRIF-seq can be applied for single-cell methylome analysis of any species with diverse genetic backgrounds. | Xiang Li Lu Chen Qinghua Zhang Yonghao Sun Qing Li Jianbing Yan | 2019 | Molecular Plant2019，12，3： | 7 |
| 9 | A novel xeno-free and feeder-cell-free system for human pluripotent stem cell culture显示文摘While human induced pluripotent stem cells(hiPSCs)have promising applications in regenerative medicine,most of the hiPSC lines available today are not suitable for clinical applications due to contamination with nonhuman materials,such as sialic acid,and potential pathogens from animal-product-containing cell culture systems.Although several xeno-free cell culture systems have been established recently,their use of human fibroblasts as feeders reduces the clinical potential of hiPSCs due to batch-to-batch variation in the feeders and time-consuming preparation processes.In this study,we have developed a xeno-free and feeder-cell-free human embryonic stem cell(hESC)/hiPSC culture system using human plasma and human placenta extracts.The system maintains the self-renewing capacity and pluripotency of hESCs for more than 40 passages.Human iPSCs were also derived from human dermal fibroblasts using this culture system by overexpressing three transcription factors—Oct4,Sox2 and Nanog.The culture system developed here is inexpensive and suitable for large scale production. | Qihui Wang Xiaoning Mou Henghua Cao Qingzhang Meng Yanni Ma Pengcheng Han Junjie Jiang Hao Zhang Yue Ma | 2012 | Protein & Cell2012，3，1： | 6 |
| 10 | Micromanaging cardiac regeneration:Targeted delivery of micro RNAs for cardiac repair and regeneration显示文摘The loss of cardiomyocytes during injury and disease can result in heart failure and sudden death, while the adult heart has a limited capacity for endogenous regeneration and repair. Current stem cell-based regenerative medicine approaches modestly improve cardiomyocyte survival, but offer neglectable cardiomyogenesis. This has prompted the need for methodological developments that crease de novo cardiomyocytes. Current insights in cardiac development on the processes and regulatory mechanisms in embryonic cardiomyocyte differentiation provide a basis to therapeutically induce these pathways to generate new cardiomyocytes. Here, we discuss the current knowledge on embryonic cardiomyocyte differentiation and the implementation of this knowledge in state-ofthe-art protocols to the direct reprogramming of cardiac fibroblasts into de novo cardiomyocytes in vitro and in vivo with an emphasis on micro RNA-mediated reprogramming. Additionally, we discuss current advances on state-of-theart targeted drug delivery systems that can be employed to deliver these micro RNAs to the damaged cardiac tissue. Together, the advances in our understanding of cardiac development, recent advances in micro RNAbased therapeutics, and innovative drug delivery systems, highlight exciting opportunities for effective therapies for myocardial infarction and heart failure. | Jan AAM Kamps Guido Krenning | 2016 | World Journal of Cardiology2016，8，2： | 6 |
| 11 | Cell totipotency:molecular features,induction,and maintenance显示文摘In mammals, pluripotent stem cells can give rise to every cell type of embryonic lineage, and hold great potential in regenerative medicine and disease modeling. Guided by the mechanism underlying pluripotency, pluripotent stem cells have been successfully induced through manipulating the transcriptional and epigenetic networks of various diferentiated cell types. However, the factors that confer totipotency, the ability to give rise to cells in both embryonic and extra-embryonic lineages still remain poorly understood. It is currently unknown whether totipotency can be induced and maintained in vitro. In this review, we summarize the current progress in the ield, with the aim of providing a foundation for understanding the mechanisms that regulate totipotency. | Falong Lu Yi Zhang | 2015 | National Science Review2015，2，2： | 6 |
| 12 | Using induced pluripotent stem cells as a tool for modelling carcinogenesis显示文摘Cancer is a highly heterogeneous group of diseases that despite improved treatments remain prevalent accounting for over 14 million new cases and 8.2 million deaths per year. Studies into the process of carcinogenesis are limited by lack of appropriate models for the development and pathogenesis of the disease based on human tissues. Primary culture of patient samples can help but is difficult to grow for a number of tissues. A potential opportunity to overcome these barriers is based on the landmark study by Yamanaka which demonstrated the ability of four factors;Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc to reprogram human somatic cells in to pluripotency. These cells were termed induced pluripotent stem cells(i PSCs) and display characteristic properties of embryonic stem cells. This technique has a wide range of potential uses including disease modelling, drug testing and transplantation studies. Interestingly i PSCs also share a number of characteristics with cancer cells including self-renewal and proliferation, expression of stem cell markers and altered metabolism. Recently, i PSCs have been generated from a number of human cancer cell lines and primary tumour samples from a range of cancers in an attempt to recapitulate the development of cancer and interrogate the underlying mechanisms involved. This review will outline the similarities between the reprogramming process and carcinogenesis, and how these similarities have been exploited to generate i PSC models for a number of cancers. | Emma L Curry Mohammad Moad Craig N Robson Rakesh Heer | 2015 | World Journal of Stem Cells2015，7，2： | 5 |
| 13 | Cellular reprogramming and hepatocellular carcinoma development显示文摘Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is one of the most common cancers,and is also the leading cause of death worldwide.Studies have shown that cellular reprogramming contributes to chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy resistance and the recurrence of cancers.In this article,we summarize and discuss the latest findings in the area of cellular reprogramming in HCC.The aberrant expression of transcription factors OCT4,KLF4,SOX2,c-MYC,NANOG,and LIN28 have been also observed,and the expression of these transcription factors is associated with unfavorable clinical outcomes in HCC.Studies indicate that cellular reprogramming may play a critical role in the occurrence and recurrence of HCC.Recent reports have shown that DNA methylation,miRNAs,tumor microenvironment,and signaling pathways can induce the expression of stemness transcription factors,which leads to cellular reprogramming in HCC.Furthermore,studies indicate that therapies based on cellular reprogramming could revolutionize HCC treatment.Finally,a novel therapeutic concept is discussed:reprogramming control therapy.A potential reprogramming control therapy method could be developed based on the reprogramming demonstrated in HCC studies and applied at two opposing levels:differentiation and reprogramming.Our increasing understanding and control of cellular programming should facilitate the exploitation of this novel therapeutic concept and its application in clinical HCC treatment,which may represent a promising strategy in the future that is not restricted to liver cancer. | Yun-Wen Zheng Yun-Zhong Nie Hideki Taniguchi | 2013 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2013，19，47： | 5 |
| 14 | Retrotransposon-mediated DELLA transcriptional reprograming underlies semi-dominant dwarfism in foxtail millet显示文摘Retrotransposons account for a large proportion of the genome and genomic variation, and play key roles in creating novel genes and diversifying the genome in many eukaryotic species. Although retrotransposons are abundant in plants, their roles had been underestimated because of a lack of research. Here, we characterized a gibberellin Acid (GA)-insensitive dwarf mutant, 84133, in foxtail millet. Map-based cloning revealed a 5.5-kb Copia-like retrotransposon insertion in DWARF1 (D1), which encodes a DELLA protein. Transcriptional analysis showed that the Copia retrotransposon mediated the transcriptional reprogramming of D1 leading to a novel N-terminal-deleted truncated DELLA transcript that was putatively driven by Copia's LTR, namely D1-TT, and another chimeric transcript. The presence of D1-TT was confirmed by protein immunodetection analysis. Furthermore, D1-TT protein was resistant to GA3 treatment compared with the intact DELLA protein due to its inability to interact with the GA receptor, SiGID1. Overexpression of D1-TT in foxtail millet resulted in dwarf plants, confirming that it determines the dwarfism of 84133. Thus, our study documents a rare instance of long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposon-mediated transcriptional reprograming in the plant kingdom. These results shed light on the function of LTR retrotransposons in generating new gene functions and genetic diversity. | Meicheng Zhao Hui Zhi Xue Zhang Guanqing Jia Xianmin Diao | 2019 | The Crop Journal2019，7，4： | 5 |
| 15 | Cell signalling pathways underlying induced pluripotent stem cell reprogramming显示文摘Induced pluripotent stem(i PS) cells, somatic cells reprogrammed to the pluripotent state by forced expression of defined factors, represent a uniquely valuable resource for research and regenerative medicine. However, this methodology remains inefficient due to incomplete mechanistic understanding of the reprogramming process. In recent years, various groups have endeavoured to interrogate the cell signalling that governs the reprogramming process, including LIF/STAT3, BMP, PI3 K, FGF2, Wnt, TGFβ and MAPK pathways, with the aim of increasing our understanding and identifying new mechanisms of improving safety, reproducibility and efficiency. This has led to a unified model of reprogramming that consists of 3 stages: initiation, maturation and stabilisation. Initiation of reprogramming occurs in almost all cells that receive the reprogramming transgenes; most commonly Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c Myc, and involves a phenotypic mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition. The initiation stage is also characterised by increased proliferation and a metabolic switch from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis. The maturation stage is considered the major bottleneck within the process, resulting in very few 'stabilisation competent' cells progressing to the final stabilisation phase. To reach this stage in both mouse and human cells, pre-i PS cells must activate endogenous expression of the core circuitry of pluripotency, comprising Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog, and thus reach a state of transgene independence. By the stabilisation stage, i PS cells generally use the same signalling networks that govern pluripotency in embryonic stem cells. These pathways differ between mouse and human cells although recent work has demonstrated that this is context dependent. As i PS cell generation technologies move forward, tools are being developed to interrogate the process in more detail, thus allowing a greater understanding of this intriguing biological phenomenon. | Kate Hawkins Shona Joy Tristan Mc Kay | 2014 | World Journal of Stem Cells2014，6，5： | 5 |
| 16 | Sialylation is involved in cell fate decision during development, reprogramming and cancer progression显示文摘Sialylation, or the covalent addition of sialic acid to the terminal end of glycoproteins, is a biologically important modification that is involved in embryonic development, neurodevelopment, reprogramming, oncogenesis and immune responses. In this review, we have given a comprehensive overview of the current literature on the involvement of sialylation in cell fate decision during development, reprogramming and cancer progressionSialylation is essential for early embryonic development and the deletion of UDP-GIcNAc 2-epimerase, a rate-limiting enzyme in sialic acid biosynthesis, is embryonically lethal. Furthermore, the sialyltransferase ST6GAL1 is required for somatic cell reprogramming, and its downregulation is associated with decreased reprogramming efficiency. In addition, sialylation levels and patterns are altered during cancer progression, indicating the potential of sialylated molecules as cancer biomarkers. Taken together, the current evidences demonstrate that sialylation is involved in crucial cell fate decision. | Fenjie Li Junjun Ding | 2019 | Protein & Cell2019，10，8： | 4 |
| 17 | Induced pluripotent stem cells throughout the animal kingdom:Availability and applications显示文摘Up until the mid 2000s, the capacity to generate every cell of an organism was exclusive to embryonic stem cells. In 2006, researchers Takahashi and Yamanaka developed an alternative method of generating embryonic-like stem cells from adult cells, which they coined induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Such iPSCs possess most of the advantages of embryonic stem cells without the ethical stigma associated with derivation of the latter. The possibility of generating “custom-made” pluripotent cells, ideal for patient-specific disease models, alongside their possible applications in regenerative medicine and reproduction, has drawn a lot of attention to the field with numbers of iPSC studies published growing exponentially. IPSCs have now been generated for a wide variety of species, including but not limited to, mouse, human, primate, wild felines, bovines, equines, birds and rodents, some of which still lack well-established embryonic stem cell lines. The paucity of robust characterization of some of these iPSC lines as well as the residual expression of transgenes involved in the reprogramming process still hampers the use of such cells in species preservation or medical research, underscoring the requirement for further investigations. Here, we provide an extensive overview of iPSC generated from a broad range of animal species including their potential applications and limitations. | Lais Vicari de Figueiredo Pessoa Fabiana Fernandes Bressan Kristine Karla Freude | 2019 | World Journal of Stem Cells2019，11，8： | 4 |
| 18 | Overcoming barriers to the clinical utilization of iPSCs:reprogramming efficiency,safety and quality显示文摘Differentiated cells can be reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells,known as“induced pluripotent stem cells”(iPSCs),through the overexpression of defined transcription factors.The creation of iPSC lines has opened new avenues for patient-specific cell replacement therapies for regenerative medicine.However,the clinical utilization of iPSCs is largely impeded by two limitations.The first limitation is the low efficiency of iPSCs generation from differentiated cells.The second limitation is that many iPSC lines are not authentically pluripotent,as many cell lines inefficiently differentiate into differentiated cell types when they are tested for their ability to complement embryonic development.Thus,the“quality”of iPSCs must be increased if they are to be differentiated into specialized cell types for cell replacement therapies.Overcoming these two limitations is paramount to facilitate the widespread employment of iPSCs for therapeutic purposes.Here,we summarize recent progress made in strategies enabling the efficient production of high-quality iPSCs,including choice of reprogramming factors,choice of target cell type,and strategies to improve iPSC quality. | Suying Cao Kyle Loh Yangli Pei Wei Zhang Jianyong Han | 2012 | Protein & Cell2012，3，11： | 3 |
| 19 | Chemical cocktails enable hepatic reprogramming of human urine-derived cells with a single transcription factor显示文摘Human liver or hepatocyte transplantation is limited by a severe shortage of donor organs. Direct reprogramming of other adult cells into hepatic cells may offer a solution to this problem. In a previous study, we have generated hepatocyte-like cells from mouse fibroblasts using only one transcription factor (TF) plus a chemical cocktail. Here, we show that human urine-derived epithelial-like cells (hUCs) can also be transdifferentiated into human hepatocyte-like cells (hiHeps) using one TF (Foxa3, Hnf1α, or Hnf4α) plus the same chemical cocktail CRVPTD (C, CHIR99021;R, RepSox;V, VPA;P, Parnate;T, TTNPB;and D, Dznep). These hiHeps express multiple hepatocyte-specific genes and display functions characteristic of mature hepatocytes. With the introduction of the large T antigen, these hiHeps can be expanded in vitro and can restore liver function in mice with concanavalin-A-induced acute liver failure. Our study provides a strategy to generate functional hepatocyte-like cells from hUCs by using a single TF plus a chemical cocktail. | Wei Tang Ren Guo Shi-jun Shen Yang Zheng Yu-ting Lu Meng-meng Jiang Xue Cui Ci-zhong Jiang Xin Xie | 2019 | Acta Pharmacologica Sinica2019，40，5： | 3 |
| 20 | Mechanism and methods to induce pluripotency显示文摘Pluripotent stem cells are able to self-renew indefinitely and differentiate into all types of cells in the body.They can thus be an inexhaustible source for future cell transplantation therapy to treat degenerative diseases which currently have no cure.However,non-autologous cells will cause immune rejection.Induced pluripotent stem cell(iPSC)technology can convert somatic cells to the pluripotent state,and therefore offers a solution to this problem.Since the first generation of iPSCs,there has been an explosion of relevant research,from which we have learned much about the genetic networks and epigenetic landscape of pluripotency,as well as how to manipulate genes,epigenetics,and microRNAs to obtain iPSCs.In this review,we focus on the mechanism of cellular reprogramming and current methods to induce pluripotency.We also highlight new problems emerging from iPSCs.Better understanding of the fundamental mechanisms underlying pluripotenty and refining the methodology of iPSC generation will have a significant impact on future development of regenerative medicine. | Peizhe Wang Jie Na | 2011 | Protein & Cell2011，2，10： | 3 |
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