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| 1 | On-orbit sleep problems of astronauts and countermeasures显示文摘Sufficient sleep duration and good sleep quality are crucial to ensure normal physical and mental health, cognition and work performance for the common people, as well as astronauts. On-orbit sleep problem is very common among astronauts and has potential detrimental influences on the health of crewmembers and the safety of flight missions. Sleep in space is becoming a new medical research frontier. In this review we summarized on-orbit sleep problems of astronauts and six kinds of causes, and we presented the effects of lack of sleep on performance as well as mental and physical health, then we proposed seven kinds of countermeasures for sleep disturbance in spaceflight, including pharmacologic interventions, light treatment, crew selection and training, Traditional Chinese Medicine and so on. Furthermore, we discussed and oriented the prospect of researches on sleep in space. | Bin Wu Yue Wang Xiaorui Wu Dong Liu Dong Xu Fei Wang | 2018 | Military Medical Research2018，5，3： | 10 |
| 2 | Physiological effects of weightlessness: countermeasure system development for a long-term Chinese manned spaceflight显示文摘The Chinese space station will be built around 2020. As a national space laboratory, it will offer unique opportunities for studying the physiological effects of weightlessness and the efficacy of the countermeasures against such effects. In this paper, we described the development of countermeasure systems in the Chinese space program. To emphasize the need of the Chinese space program to implement its own program for developing countermeasures, we reviewed the literature on the negative physiological effects of weightlessness, the challenges of completing missions, the development of countermeasure devices, the establishment of countermeasure programs, and the efficacy of the countermeasure techniques in American and Russian manned spaceflights. In addition, a brief overview was provided on the Chinese research and development on countermeasures to discuss the current status and goals of the development of countermeasures against physiological problems associated with weightlessness. | Linjie Wang Zhili Li Cheng Tan Shujuan Liu Jianfeng Zhang Siyang He Peng Zou Weibo Liu Yinghui Li | 2019 | Frontiers of Medicine2019，13，2： | 9 |
| 3 | Effects of spaceflight and simulated microgravity on microbial growth and secondary metabolism显示文摘Spaceflight and ground-based microgravity analog experiments have suggested that microgravity can affect microbial growth and metabolism. Although the effects of microgravity and its analogs on microorganisms have been studied for more than 50 years, plausible conflicting and diverse results have frequently been reported in different experiments, especially regarding microbial growth and secondary metabolism. Until now, only the responses of a few typical microbes to microgravity have been investigated; systematic studies of the genetic and phenotypic responses of these microorganisms to microgravity in space are still insufficient due to technological and logistical hurdles. The use of different test strains and secondary metabolites in these studies appears to have caused diverse and conflicting results. Moreover, subtle changes in the extracellular microenvironments around microbial cells play a key role in the diverse responses of microbial growth and secondary metabolisms. Therefore, 'indirect' effects represent a reasonable pathway to explain the occurrence of these phenomena in microorganisms. This review summarizes current knowledge on the changes in microbial growth and secondary metabolism in response to spaceflight and its analogs and discusses the diverse and conflicting results. In addition, recommendations are given for future studies on the effects of microgravity in space on microbial growth and secondary metabolism. | Bing Huang Dian-Geng Li Ying Huang Chang-Ting Liu | 2018 | Military Medical Research2018，5，4： | 7 |
| 4 | Long-term spaceflight and the cardiovascular system显示文摘While early investigations into the physiological effects of spaceflight suggest the body’s ability to reversibly adapt,the corresponding effects of long-term spaceflight(>6months)aremuch less conclusive.Prolonged exposure to microgravity and radiation yields profound effects on the cardiovascular system,including a massive cephalad fluid translocation and altered arterial pressure,which attenuate blood pressure regulatory mechanisms and increase cardiac output.Also,central venous pressure decreases as a result of the loss of venous compression.The stimulation of baroreceptors by the cephalad shift results in an approximately 10%–15%reduction in plasma volume,with fluid translocating from the vascular lumen to the interstitium.Despite possible increases in cardiac workload,myocyte atrophy and notable,yet unexplained,alterations in hematocrit have been observed.Atrophy is postulated to result from shunting of protein synthesis from the endoplasmic reticulum to the mitochondria via mortalin-mediated action.While data are scarce regarding their causative agents,arrhythmias have been frequently reported,albeit sublethal,during both Russian and American expeditions,with QT interval prolongation observed in long,but not short duration,spaceflight.Exposure of the heart to the proton and heavy ion radiation of deep space has also been shown to result in coronary artery degeneration,aortic stiffness,carotid intima thickening via collagen-mediated action,accelerated atherosclerosis,and induction of a pro-inflammatory state.Upon return,long-term spaceflight frequently results in orthostatic intolerance and altered sympathetic responses,which can prove hazardous should any rapidmobilization or evacuation be required,and indicates that these cardiac risks should be especially monitored for future missions. | Nicholas A.Vernice Cem Meydan Ebrahim Afshinnekoo Christopher E.Mason | 2020 | Precision Clinical Medicine2020，3，4： | 6 |
| 5 | Spaceflight decelerates the epigenetic clock orchestrated with a global alteration in DNA methylome and transcriptome in the mouse retina显示文摘Astronauts exhibit an assortment of clinical abnormalities in their eyes during long-duration spaceflight.The purpose of this studywas to determinewhether spaceflight induces epigenomic and transcriptomic reprogramming in the retina or alters the epigenetic clock.The mice were flown for 37 days in animal enclosure modules on the International Space Station;ground-based control animals weremaintained under similar housing conditions.Mouse retinas were isolated and both DNA methylome and transcriptome were determined by deep sequencing.We found that a large number of genes were differentially methylated with spaceflight,whereas there were fewer differentially expressed genes at the transcriptome level.Several biological pathways involved in retinal diseases such as macular degeneration were significantly altered.Our results indicated that spaceflight decelerated the retinal epigenetic clock.This study demonstrates that spaceflight impacts the retina at the epigenomic and transcriptomic levels,and such changes could be involved in the etiology of eye-related disorders among astronauts. | Zhong Chen Seta Stanbouly Nina CNishiyama Xin Chen Michael D.Delp Hongyu Qiu Xiao WMao Charles Wang | 2021 | Precision Clinical Medicine2021，4，2： | 1 |
| 6 | Non-invasive panel tests for gastrointestinal motility monitoring within the MARS-500 Project显示文摘AIM:To develop an integrated approach for monitoring gastrointestinal motility and inflammation state suitable for application in long-term spaceflights.METHODS:Breath tests based on the oral administration of 13 C-labeled or hydrogen-producing substrates followed by the detection of their metabolites(13 CO 2 or H 2) in breath were used to measure gastrointestinal motility parameters during the 520-d spaceflight ground simulation within the MARS-500 Project.In particular,the gastric emptying rates of solid and liquid contents were evaluated by 13 C-octanoic acid and 13 Cacetate breath tests,respectively,whereas the orocecal transit time was assessed by an inulin H 2-breath test,which was performed simultaneously with the 13 C-octanoic acid breath test.A ready-to-eat,standardized pre-packaged muffin containing 100 mg of 13 C-octanoic acid was used in the 13 C-octanoic acid breath test to avoid the extemporaneous preparation of solid meals.In addition,a cassette-type lateral flow immunoassay was employed to detect fecal calprotectin,a biomarker of intestinal inflammation.Because no items could be introduced into the simulator during the experiment,all materials and instrumentation required for test performance during the entire mission simulation had to be provided at the beginning of the experiment.RESULTS:The experiments planned during the simulation of a manned flight to Mars could be successfully performed by the crewmembers without any external assistance.No evident alterations(i.e.,increasing or decreasing trends) in the gastric emptying rates were detected using the 13 C-breath tests during the mission simulation,as the gastric emptying half-times were in the range of those reported for healthy subjects.In contrast to the 13 C-breath tests,the results of the inulin H 2-breath test were difficult to interpret because of the high variability of the H 2 concentration in the breath samples,even within the same subject.This variability suggested that the H 2-breath test was strongly affected by external factors,which may have been related to the diet of the crewmembers or to environmental conditions(e.g.,the accumulation of hydrogen in the simulator microenvironment).At least in closed microenvironments such as the MARS-500 simulator,13 C-breath tests should therefore be preferred to H 2-breath tests.Finally,the fecal calprotectin test showed significant alterations during the mission simulation:all of the crewmembers were negative for the test at the beginning of the simulation but showed various degrees of positivity in at least one of the subsequent tests,thus indicating the onset of an intestinal inflammation.CONCLUSION:Breath tests,especially those 13 Cbased,proved suitable for monitoring gastrointestinal motility in the 520-d isolation experiment withinMARS-500 project and can be applied in long-term spaceflights. | Aldo Roda Mara Mirasoli Massimo Guardigli Patrizia Simoni Davide Festi Boris Afonin Galina Vasilyeva | 2013 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2013，19，14： | 1 |
| 7 | National Report on Space Medicine Progress in 2010—2012显示文摘Accompanying the flourishing developments of China's manned spaceflight,space medicine has achieved great development during the past two years in China.In this paper,scientific research of space medicine and its application in China during 2010-2012 have been briefly introduced. | LI Yinghui LIU Zhaoxia DING Bai LIU Yue ZHANG Xiaoyou BAI Yanqiang CHEN Shanguang | 2012 | 空间科学学报2012，32，5： | 0 |
| 8 | Analysis of Human Reliability Model in Manned Vehicle显示文摘A typical man-machine-environment system is corn posed of astronaut, vehicle and space environment in the course of manned spaceflight.In this paper, the important role played by manand the factors on his capability in vehicle system have been described, and a stress-strength human reliability model is also put forward. In the end, it must be systematically considered to raise theastronaut’s reliability. | Zhou, Qianxiang Long, Shengzhao | 1998 | Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics1998，9，2： | 0 |
| 9 | An online error calibration method for spaceflight TT&C systems based on LEO-ground DDGPS显示文摘To overcome the shortcomings of the traditional measurement error calibration methods for spaceflight telemetry, tracking and command(TT&C) systems, an online error calibration method based on low Earth orbit satellite-to-ground doubledifferential GPS(LEO-ground DDGPS) is proposed in this study. A fixed-interval smoother combined with a pair of forward and backward adaptive robust Kalman filters(ARKFs) is adopted to solve the LEO-ground baseline, and the ant colony optimization(ACO) algorithm is used to deal with the ambiguity resolution problem. The precise baseline solution of DDGPS is then used as a comparative reference to calibrate the systematic errors in the TT&C measurements, in which the parameters of the range error model are solved by a batch least squares algorithm. To validate the performance of the new online error calibration method, a hardware-in-the-loop simulation platform is constructed with independently developed spaceborne dual-frequency GPS receivers and a Spirent GPS signal generator. The simulation results show that with the fixed-interval smoother, a baseline estimation accuracy(RMS, single axis) of better than 10 cm is achieved. Using this DDGPS solution as the reference, the systematic error of the TT&C ranging system is effectively calibrated, and the residual systematic error is less than 5 cm. | Qiao WANG Xiao-jun JIN Wei ZHANG Shi-ming MO Zhao-bin XU Zhong-he JIN | 2019 | Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering2019，20，6： | 0 |
| 10 | Safe Return显示文摘Zhai Zhigang, taikonaut of China’s Shenzhou-13 manned spaceflight mission, exits the return capsule on April 16.Zhai and two other taikonauts, Wang Yaping and Ye Guangfu, touched down at the Dongfeng landing site in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in north China after a six-month mission. They are the second crew sent to orbit for space station construction. | 无 | 2022 | ChinAfrica2022，14，5： | 0 |
| 11 | National Report on Space Medicine Progress in 2012–2014显示文摘The application of manned spaceflight makes a great impetus on the development of space medicine. With the deep growth of Chinese manned space, our national space medicine has attained great achievements. In this paper, the basic research of Space Medicine and its application in China during 2012–2014 were briefly reviewed. | LI Yinghui ZHANG Xiaoyou WAN Yumin DING Bai LIU Zhaoxia LING Shukuan BAI Yanqiang CHEN Shanguang LIU Shujuan | 2014 | 空间科学学报2014，34，5： | 0 |
| 12 | The solid lubricating material experiment device for Shenzhou-7 Spaceship显示文摘A solid lubricating material exposure experiment in space is one of the missions during the seventh manned spaceflight of China,and the key is to develop a device which can be fixed reliably outside of the orbital module and can be fetched conveniently by an astronaut during space walk.The solid lubricating material experiment device needs to be locked reliably in a vibrating and impacting environment during the launch phase,and should meet the requirement that it can be unlocked and fetched reliably by the astronaut wearing an extravehicular spacesuit via simple operations in orbit in an environment of high and low temperature.As for the device we developed,the environmental characteristic of the mission was analyzed,the mechanical analysis and thermal analysis were carried out,and then a mechanism with functions of mechanical locking,structural self-locking and manual unlocking was designed.The device was verified by a sequence of experiments and was fetched by the astronaut during the flight of the Shenzhou-7 Spaceship. | WANG Ke1,2,REN WeiJia1,WANG ShiDa1 & WENG LiJun3 1 Academy of Opto-Electronics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100190,China 2 Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049,China 3 Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Lanzhou 730000,China | 2010 | Science China(Technological Sciences)2010，53，9： | 0 |
| 13 | 论Manned Spaceflight的文体特征及其翻译策略——以被动句为研究案例显示文摘Manned Spaceflight一文陈述客观准确,逻辑结构严密,专业术语性强,语气正式。其文体特征包括被动语态、名词化、非谓语、专业词汇、割裂、并列、无灵主语、介词、长句、省略等。以被动句为例,通过Manned Spaceflight中翻译实践发现,被动句翻译为主动句、被动句和无主句时,翻译策略各不相同。 | 李志鸿 | 2014 | 吕梁学院学报2014，4，6： | 0 |
| 14 | EFFECT OF PRE-FLIGHT TREATMENT WITH CONSTANT MAGNETIC FIELD ON DEVELOPMENT OF Artemia EGGS RETRIEVED FROM CHINESE SATELLITE “8885”显示文摘Dry winter eggs of Artemia salina were treated with a 30--60 mT inhomogeneous constantmagnetic field for 113 h, and then carried by Chinese Satellite '8885' to its spaceflight for 8days. Their early development rate and hatching ratio were observed on the 10th, 31st, 65thand 227th days after the accomplishment of the flight. Three main results were obtained asfollows: (i) The treatment accelerated the development of the eggs not flown; (ii) it also en-hanced the resistance of the flown eggs against unfavorable spaceflight effects (retarding ear-ly development and lowering the hatching ratio), and promoted the recovering ability of theflown eggs from the affected state; and (iii) the latent beneficial effect produced by treatmentwas found to be very durable, still appearing in the development of the treated eggs on the318th day after treatment (the 227th day after the flight). | 邢国仁 郑德存 周启玲 苏瑞珍 陈去恶 | 1991 | Science China Chemistry1991，34，6： | 0 |
| 15 | Variation of photosynthesis,secondary metabolites and antioxidant activities in third generation of spaceflight-induced Salvia miltiorrhiza显示文摘Objective: Spaceflight has long been perceived as an effective way to improve the quantity and quality of plants with wide applications. In order to obtain stable and inheritable descendants of spaceflightinduced Salvia miltiorrhiza lines, we investigated and analyzed four lines m16, m50, m51, m57(three individuals of each line) and the ground control(three individuals) of the third generation of spaceflight-induced S. miltiorrhiza from primary/secondary metabolism and antioxidative abilities.Methods: A portable photosynthesis system(Li-6400) with red/blue LED light source was used to perform the photosynthetic characteristics to evaluate their primary productivity. The secondary metabolites(phenolic acids, tanshinones, total phenolics and flavonoids) and antioxidant activity of roots were analyzed to assess their quality.Results: Compared with control, line m16 presented weak photosynthetic ability, but high apparent quantum yield(AQY), higher contents of secondary metabolites, and stronger antioxidative abilities.Line m57 had a strong gas exchange ability, relatively higher secondary metabolites contents, and ascending antioxidative abilities. Lines m50 and m51 were in the middle level of lines m16 and m57.The principal component analysis for all the original data revealed three components including a rootrelated index, a leaf-related index, and a CO_(2) response parameter could be used to distinguish spaceflight-induced S. miltiorrhiza lines.Conclusion: Line m57 could be an appropriate material for the investigation of targeted breeding towards high production, and line m16 could be used to identify essential genes and unravel sophisticated pathways underlying the secondary metabolisms. | Liang Peng Mei Ru Zongsuo Liang | 2022 | Chinese Herbal Medicines2022，14，4： | 0 |
| 16 | Estimation Method of Schedule-cost Correlation Coefficient of Spaceflight Project显示文摘To evaluate the cost risk and the schedule risk of the spaceflight project,the schedule-cost(S-C) correlation coefficient is directly appointed according to the experts' experience usually.This paper deduces SDMCU(the schedule distribution model considering the effect of the cost uncertainty),and then proposes the approximate formula to estimate the ln(S)-C correlation coefficient based on the models of SDMCU and CDMSU(the cost distribution model considering the effect of the schedule uncertainty).Furthermore,an approximate relationship expression of the S-C and the ln(S)-C correlation coefficients is put forward according to general facts and the Taylor expansion,and advanced by means of mass numerical validation is the general rule of obtaining the estimation value of the schedule-cost correlation coefficient based on the historical data. | Liu Yanqiong(Humanity and Social Science School,National University of Defence Technology,Changsha,410073,China) | 2007 | 工程科学(英文版)2007，5，3： | 0 |
| 17 | Translating current biomedical therapies for long duration,deep space missions显示文摘It is been shown that spaceflight-induced molecular,cellular,and physiologic changes cause alterations across many modalities of the human body,including cardiovascular,musculoskeletal,hematological,immunological,ocular,and neurological systems.The Twin Study,a multi-year,multi-omic study of human response to spaceflight,provided detailed and comprehensive molecular and cellular maps of the human response to radiation,microgravity,isolation,and stress.These rich data identified epigenetic,gene expression,inflammatory,and metabolic responses to spaceflight,facilitating a better biomedical roadmap of features that should be monitored and safe-guarded in upcoming missions.Further,by exploring new developments in pre-clinical models and clinical trials,we can begin to design potential cellular interventions for exploration-class missions to Mars and potentially farther.This paper will discuss the overall risks astronauts face during spaceflight,what is currently known about human response to these risks,what pharmaceutical interventions exist for use in space,and which tools of precision medicine and cellular engineering could be applied to aerospace and astronaut medicine. | Sonia Iosim Matthew MacKay Craig Westover Christopher E.Mason | 2019 | Precision Clinical Medicine2019，2，4： | 0 |
| 18 | Other Worldly Pursuits显示文摘China's manned spaceflight program has achieved a major leap from unmanned,short,and single-ship missions with intravehicular activity to manned,long,and complex operations featuringextra-vehicularactivity. | Liu Chang Chen Ye(Photos) | 2023 | China Pictorial2023，，4： | 0 |
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