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| 1 | A survey of executive compensation contracts in China's listed companies显示文摘We analyze 228 executive compensation contracts voluntarily disclosed by Chinese listed firms and find that central-government-controlled companies disclose more information in executive compensation contracts than localgovernment-controlled and non-government-controlled companies. Cashbased payments are the main form of executive compensation, whereas equity-based payments are seldom used by Chinese listed companies. On average, there are no significant differences in the value of basic salaries and performance-based compensation in executive compensation contracts.But, compared with their counterparts in non-government-controlled companies, executives in government-controlled companies are given more incentive compensation. Accounting earnings are typically used in executive compensation contracts, with few firms using stock returns to evaluate their executives. However, the use of non-financial measures has increased significantly since 2007. | Yubo Lia Fang Lou Jiwei Wang Hongqi Yuan | 2013 | China Journal of Accounting Research2013，，3： | 15 |
| 2 | 石家庄地区无偿献血者HTLV-Ⅰ/Ⅱ检测情况分析显示文摘目的分析石家庄地区无偿献血者中人类嗜T淋巴细胞白血病病毒(HTLV)检测结果,为本地区临床用血安全提供科学依据。方法采用ELISA法(双抗原夹心)对河北省血液中心2016年9~12月采集的献血者标本进行HTLV-Ⅰ/Ⅱ抗体筛查,初筛反应性标本再进行双孔复试。复试阳性标本送卫生部临床检验中心做相关附加试验。结果石家庄地区41 000人份献血者标本中初筛阳性标本25例,经RT-PCR和蛋白印迹法(western blot,WB)确证阳性1例。该试剂假阳性率为0.06%。对献血者进行追溯,确认该献血者为无症状固定献血者,已有4次合格献血经历。结论石家庄地区无偿献血者属于HTLV-Ⅰ/Ⅱ感染的非流行区或低发区。采用ELISA法进行HTLV-Ⅰ/Ⅱ抗体筛查,其结果假阳性率低,适用于大规模血液筛查和血清流行病学调查。 | 李莉华 戚海 陈莉 马印图 | 2018 | 临床输血与检验2018，20，5： | 7 |
| 3 | Adaptability of anticipatory postural adjustments associated with voluntary movement显示文摘The control of balance is crucial for efficiently performing most of our daily motor tasks, such as those involving goal-directed arm movements or whole body displacement. The purpose of this article is twofold. Firstly, it is to recall how balance can be maintained despite the different sources of postural perturbation arising during voluntary movement. The importance of the so-called 'anticipatory postural adjustments'(APA), taken as a 'line of defence' against the destabilizing effect induced by a predicted perturbation, is emphasized. Secondly, it is to report the results of recent studies that questioned the adaptability of APA to various constraints imposed on the postural system. The postural constraints envisaged here are classified into biomechanical(postural stability, superimposition of motor tasks),(neuro) physiological(fatigue), temporal(time pressure) and psychological(fear of falling, emotion). Overall, the results of these studies point out the capacity of the central nervous system(CNS) to adapt the spatio-temporal features of APA to each of theseconstraints. However, it seems that, depending on the constraint, the 'priority' of the CNS was focused on postural stability maintenance, on body protection and/or on maintenance of focal movement performance. | Eric Yiou Teddy Caderby Tarek Hussein | 2012 | World Journal of Orthopedics2012，3，6： | 7 |
| 4 | Determinants and features of voluntary disclosure in the Chinese stock market显示文摘This paper offers in-depth analysis of the determinants and features of voluntary disclosure based on information in the annual reports of 1066 Chinese firms listed on the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges. This extensive sample represents about 80% of all public companies in China. Our findings suggest that voluntary disclosure in China is positively related to firm size,leverage, assets-in-place, and return on equity and is negatively related to auditor type and the level of maturity or sophistication of the intermediary and legal environments. We also find some evidence to suggest a quadratic convex association between state ownership and voluntary disclosure. However, our analysis provides no evidence that extensive disclosure benefits public companies in China in the form of a lower cost of equity. | Yang Lan Lili Wang Xueyong Zhang | 2013 | China Journal of Accounting Research2013，，4： | 6 |
| 5 | Board independence, internal information environment and voluntary disclosure of auditors' reports on internal controls显示文摘When there is high information asymmetry between directors and managers,independent directors do not have enough information to perform their functions. Only when faced with a good internal information environment can such directors acquire enough information to provide advice and monitor managers,and only under these conditions can increasing their proportion on the board effectively reduce agency problems, such as driving managers to disclose information to investors. Using a sample of Chinese listed firms that voluntarily disclose their auditors' reports on internal controls from 2007 to 2009, this study explores how the information acquisition costs of independent directors affect their monitoring effectiveness by investigating the disclosure decisions of their internal control audits. We find that when the information asymmetry between insiders and outside directors is low and the proportion of independent directors on a board is high, a firm is more likely to voluntarily disclose its internal control audit report. | Ye Sun Yang Yi Bin Lin | 2012 | China Journal of Accounting Research2012，，2： | 5 |
| 6 | The spillover effect of disclosure rules and materiality thresholds:Evidence from profit warnings issued in Hong Kong market显示文摘Dual-listed firms simultaneously follow the relevant rules in their home country and in their cross-listed country.In contrast,other firms only listed in the cross-listed country are only subject to the local regulations.Previous literature has found evidence that cross-listing can improve firms' information transparency because of more stringent listing rules in the cross-listed country.The existing research,however,has not paid enough attention to the potential influence of dual-listed firms and their home country institutional factors(e.g.unique disclosure policies) on other firms only listed in the cross-listed country(i.e.spillover effect).In the Hong Kong market,Chinese dual-listed firms are under the mandatory profit warning regulation of China's Mainland,but other firms listed only in Hong Kong only need to follow the voluntary disclosure rule of the Hong Kong Stock Exchange.Such a setting provides us with the opportunity to investigate a spillover effect,i.e.whether these Chinese dual-listed firms influence their peers only listed in Hong Kong to release profit warnings.We find that firms only listed in Hong Kong are more likely to issue profit warnings if their Chinese dual-listed peers have also issued warnings.We further find that this spillover effect increases with the market capitalization of Chinese duallisted firms and increases with the market share of these firms before they dominate the industry.Lastly,due to an underlying duty to disclose material information in Hong Kong,the spillover effect is weaker for firms with large earnings surprises. | Rencheng Wang Yao Zhang | 2011 | China Journal of Accounting Research2011，，Z1： | 2 |
| 7 | Voluntary running delays primary degeneration in rat retinas after partial optic nerve transection显示文摘Running is believed to be beneficial for human health. Many studies have focused on the neuroprotective effects of voluntary running on animal models. There were both primary and secondary degeneration in neurodegenerative diseases, including glaucoma. However, whether running can delay primary or secondary degeneration or both of them was not clear. Partial optic nerve transection model is a valuable glaucoma model for studying both primary and secondary degeneration because it can separate primary(mainly in the superior retina) from secondary(mainly in the inferior retina) degeneration. Therefore, we compared the survival of retinal ganglion cells between Sprague-Dawley rat runners and non-runners both in the superior and inferior retinas. Excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and apoptosis are involved in the degeneration of retinal ganglion cells in glaucoma. So we also used western immunoblotting to compare the expression of some proteins involved in apoptosis(phospho-c-Jun N-terminal kinases, p-JNKs), oxidative stress(manganese superoxide dismutase, MnSOD) and excitotoxicity(glutamine synthetase) between runners and non-runners after partial optic nerve transection. Results showed that voluntary running delayed the death of retinal ganglion cells vulnerable to primary degeneration but not those to secondary degeneration. In addition, voluntary running decreased the expression of glutamine synthetase, but not the expression of p-JNKs and MnSOD in the superior retina after partial optic nerve transection. These results illustrated that primary degeneration of retinal ganglion cells might be mainly related with excitotoxicity rather than oxidative stress; and the voluntary running could down-regulate excitotoxicity to delay the primary degeneration of retinal ganglion cells after partial optic nerve transection. | Hong-Ying Li Xi Hong Mi Huang Kwok-Fai So | 2019 | Neural Regeneration Research2019，14，4： | 2 |
| 8 | 卒中对行走时头部自主水平运动过程中头部、胸廓和骨盆的协调性及稳定性的影响 | Lamontagne A. De Serres S.J. Fung J. Paquet N. 夏峰 | 2005 | 世界核心医学期刊文摘(神经病学分册)2005，0，7： | 1 |
| 9 | Predictors of residual force enhancement in voluntary contractions of elbow flexors显示文摘Background:The steady-state increase in muscle force generating potential following a lengthening contraction is called residual force enhancement(RFE).In this study,we aimed to test for differences in torque,electromyographic activity(EMG),and the associated neuromuscular efficiency(NME)between isometric voluntary contractions of elbow flexors preceded and not preceded by a lengthening contraction.The dependence of such differences on(i)stretch amplitude,(ii)the region of the force-length(FxL)relationship where contraction occurs,and(iii)the individual's ability to produce(negative)work during the stretch was investigated.Methods:Sixteen healthy adults participated in the study.Elbow flexor torque,angle,and biceps brachii EMG for purely isometric contractions(reference contractions)and for isometric contractions preceded by active stretches of 20°and 40°were measured at the ascending,plateau,and descending regions of subject-specific FxL curves.All contractions were performed in an isokinetic dynamometer.Two-factor(stretch×FxL region)repeated measures analysis of variance ANOVAs was used to analyze the effect of active stretch on EMG,torque,and NME across conditions.The relationships between mechanical work during stretch-calculated as the torque-angular displacement integral-and the changes in EMG,torque,and NME were analyzed using Pearson correlation.Results:In general,torque,EMG,and NME following active stretches differed from the values observed for the purely isometric reference contractions.While although the detailed effects of active stretch on torque and EMG differed between regions of the FxL relationship,NME increased by about 19%for all muscle lengths.Up to 30%of the interindividual variability in torque generating potential change in response to active stretching was accounted for by differences in(negative)work capacity between subjects.Conclusion:Our results suggest that(i)RFE contributes to'flatten'the elbow flexor torque-angle relationship,favoring torque production at lengths where the purely isometric torques are reduced substantially,and(ii)RFE contributes to a reduction in energy cost of torque production during isometric contractions for the entire operating range. | Heiliane de Brito Fontana Daiani de Campos Raphael Luiz Sakugawa | 2018 | Journal of Sport and Health Science2018，7，3： | 1 |
| 10 | provide somebody后可直接跟something吗?显示文摘动词 provide的常见搭配为provide sb.with sth.和 provide sth.for(to)sb.。但笔者近来在阅读中见到provide 后直接跟sth.,不用介词的实例。不过,这种用法常见于美国英语中。如: | 顾祖良 | 1994 | 当代外语研究1994，0，1： | 0 |
| 11 | The effect of monoamines reuptake inhibitors on aerobic exercise performance in bank voles from a selection experiment显示文摘Exercise performance depends on both physiological abilities (e.g., muscle strength) and behavioral characteristics (e.g., motivati on). We tested the hypothesis that evoluti on of in creased aerobic exercise performanee can be facilitated by evolution of neuropsychological mechanisms responsible for motivation to undertake physical activity. We used a unique model system: lines of bank voles Myodes glareolus selected for high swim-induced aerobic metabolism ('aerobic' A lines). In gen eration 21, voles from the 4 A lines achieved a 57% higher /y voluntary maximum' swiminduced aerobic metabolism (V02swim) than voles from 4 unselected,'control' C lines. In C lines, V02swim was 9% lower than the maximum forced-exercise aerobic metabolism (VO2run;P= 0.007), while in A lines it was even higher than VO2run, although not significantly (4%, P=0.15). Thus, we hypothesized that selection changed both the aerobic capacity and the neuronal mechanisms behi nd motivation to un dertake activity. We investigated the influe nee of reuptake in hibitors of dopamine (DARI), serotonin (SSRI), and norepinephrine (NERI) on VOaSwim. The drugs decreased V02swim both in C and A lines (% decrease compared with saline: DARI 8%, P< 0.001;SSRI 6%, P< 0.001;NERI 8%, P< 0.001), but the proportional response differed between selection directions only for NERI (stronger effect in C lines: P= 0.008) and the difference was marginally non-significant for SSRI (P= 0.07) and DARI (P= 0.06). Thus, the results suggest that all the 3 monoamines are involved in signaling pathways controlling the motivation to be active and that norepinephrine could have played a role in the evolution of increased aerobic exercise performance in our animal model. | Ewa Jaromin Edyta T. Sadowska Pawet Koteja | 2019 | Current Zoology2019，65，4： | 0 |
| 12 | STUDIES ON SUBSTANCES CAPABLE OF INDUCING STEPPING (SIS)显示文摘It is an interesting but still unknown question that how the central nervous system generates the coordinative and pattern movements. For instance, studies concerning ramp or voluntary speed smooth movements, as well as fast or ballistic movements, are worthy of note not only in theory, but also in clinical and biomechanical practice, It is recognized that stepping automatism is one of the good models | 刘世熠 张文远 王泽盛 周维善 李金翠 罗庆聪 李立明 | 1984 | Chinese Science Bulletin1984，29，7： | 0 |
| 13 | Towards the Association of Voluntary Disclosures and Value of Firms:Evidence Revisited in India显示文摘The information disclosed by the companies in their annual reports reveals much about company’s performance and prospects. Investors take the information as base for decision for investment. Under such circumstance, companies choose to disclose beyond what is mandatorily required. Theories like agency theory, capital need theory and signaling theory support the need of voluntary disclosure. This study is about the relationship between voluntary disclosure and value of Indian pharmaceutical companies listed on World’s oldest stock exchange, Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE). Objectives: Twofold : First, to investigate the extent of voluntary disclosure practices prevailing in pharma sector of India, Second, to study the impact of voluntary disclosure on Value of companies (value as measured by Weighted Average Cost of Capital, Stock Volatility and Price to Book Ratio) for the year 2010-2011 to 2017-2018. Research Methodology: To understand the extent of disclosure, a disclosure checklist is constructed and descriptive statistics are carved to reach the results. To understand the impact, Panel data regression (Fixed effect model, Random effect model, Hausman test) are run. Observation: Voluntary disclosure does not affect WACC but are negatively related to stock volatility and Price to Book Ratio in Indian scenario. | Rupali Khanna Bhupinder Pal Singh Chahal | 2019 | Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing2019，15，3： | 0 |
| 14 | Effectiveness and safety of bronchial thermoplasty in patients with severe asthma显示文摘Objective To assess the effectiveness and safety of bronchial thermoplasty(BT)in patients with severe asthma.Methods The China-Japan Friendship Hospital recruited 12 patients with severe asthma who were voluntary to take BT treatment from March 2014 to November2014.The levels of airway inflammation and | 农英 | 2016 | China Medical Abstracts(Internal Medicine)2016，33，2： | 0 |
| 15 | Simplifying the ShangRing technique for circumcision in boys and men: use of the no-flip technique with randomization to removal at 7 days versus spontaneous detachment显示文摘To assess safety of the no-flip ShangRing male circumcision technique and to determine clinical course and safety of spontaneous detachme nt (i.e., allowing the device to fall off), we con ducted a case series of no-flip ShangRing circumcision combined with a randomized controlled trial of removal 7 days postcircumcision versus spontaneous detachment at two health facilities in Kenya. The primary outcome was the safety of the no-flip technique based on moderate and severe adverse events (AEs) during the procedure and through 42-day follow-up. A main sec on dary outcome was clinical course and safety of spontan eous detachment. Two hundred and thirty males 10 years and older underwent no?flip circumcision;114 randomized to 7-day removal and 116 to spontaneous detachment. All circumcisions were successfully completed. Overall 5.3%(6/114) of participants in the 7-day group and 1.7%(2/116) in the spontan eous group had an AE;with no d iff ere nces when compared to the 3% AE rate in historical data from African studies using the original flip technique (P = 0.07 and P = 0.79, respectively). Overall 72.4%(84/116) of participants in the spontaneous group wore the ShangRing until it detached. Among the remaining (27.6%;32/116), the ring was removed, primarily at the participants1 request, due to pain or discomfort. There was no d iff ere nee in AE rates (P = 0.169), visit day declared healed (P= 0.324), or satisfaction (P= 0.371) between randomization groups. The median time to detachment was 14.0 (IQR: 7-21, range: 5-35) days. The no?flip technique and spontaneous detachment are safe, effective, and acceptable to boys and men 10 years and older. Phimosis and penile adhesions do not limit successful ShangRing circumcision with the no-flip technique. | Mark A Barone Philip S Li Richard K Lee Daniel Ouma Millicent Oundo Mukhaye Barasa Jairus Oketch Patrick Otiende Nixon Nyangweso Mary Maina Nicholas Kiswi Betty Chirchir Marc Goldstein Quentin D Awori | 2019 | Asian Journal of Andrology2019，21，4： | 0 |
| 16 | Rationale and design of the cardiorespiratory fitness and hospitalization events in armed forces study in Eastern Taiwan显示文摘AIM To investigate the association between cardiorespiratory fitness and hospitalization events in a cohort of large voluntary arm forces in Taiwan. METHODS The cardiorespiratory fitness and hospitalization events in armed forces(CHIEF) is a retrospective cohort consisting of more than 4000 professional military members aged 18-50 years in Eastern Taiwan. All participants received history taking, physical examination, chest radiography, 12-lead electrocardiography, blood tests for cell counts and fasting glucose, lipid profiles, uric acid, renal function and liver function in the Hualien Armed Forces General Hospital during 2014. In addition, participants were required to undergo two indoor resistant exercise tests including 2-min push-up and 2-min sit-up, both scored by infrared sensing, and one outdoor endurance 3000-m none weight-bearing running test, the main indicator of cardiorespiratory fitness in the Military Physical Training and Testing Center in Eastern Taiwan in 2014. RESULTS Hospitalization events for cardiovascular disease, acute kidney injury, rhabdomyolysis, severe infectious disease, acute psychiatric illness, diabetes, orthopedic surgery and mortality will be identified in the National Insurance Research Database for 10 years. CONCLUSION CHIEF will be among the largest Eastern Asian armed forces cohort, in which physical status was strictly evaluated to follow up the hospitalization events for severe illness. | Gen-Min Lin Yi-Hwei Li Chung-Jen Lee Jeng-Chuan Shiang Ko-Huan Lin Kai-Wen Chen Yu-Jung Chen Ching-Fen Wu Been-Sheng Lin Yun-Shun Yu Felicia Lin Fung-Ying Su Chih-Hung Wang | 2016 | World Journal of Cardiology2016，8，8： | 0 |
| 17 | Restore: An R of Sustainability that Can Tame the “Conundrum”显示文摘The environmental benefits of sustainability efforts can be rendered less effective due to economic feedback mechanisms. As a remedy against such rebound effects, a reinvestment strategy towards environmental causes has been suggested. Here, a practical implementation of such a reinvestment strategy is presented. It involves a) estimating the financial savings resulting from sustainability efforts, b) informing the participants that the environmental benefit of the efforts is reduced by economic feedback mechanisms and c) asking them to donate a fraction of the expected savings towards environmental causes. An easy-to-use methodology for estimating rebound effects of sustainability efforts is presented in order to quantify the efficacy of this approach. CO2 emission offsets are used as an example of donations towards environmental causes. It is shown, that donating even a small amount (less than 1% of financial savings obtained from conservation or engineering savings) of donated carbon offsets can more than eliminate the estimated rebound effects. This then leads to the restore principle, that states that the environmental benefit of reducing activities with average environmental impact is dramatically improved if a fraction of the resulting financial savings is applied towards environmental causes. This approach is made practical by augmenting the common reduce, reuse, recycle motto with a fourth component: reduce, reuse, recycle and restore. | Eckart Bindewald | 2018 | Environment & Social Psychology2018，3，2： | 0 |
| 18 | Supporting Technical Work Under IAEA Safeguards Agreements of 2013 Completed by Laboratory of Technical Research for Nuclear Safeguards显示文摘Safeguards applied by the International Atomic Energy Agency(IAEA)are an important element of the global nuclear non-proliferation regime.In order to verify that commitments made by states under safeguards agreements with the IAEA are fulfilled.China signed the voluntary offer agreement(INFCIRC/369)with IAEA in 1988.The agreement entered into force in 1989.There are three | GAO Qiang LIU Hong-bin YANG Qun BU Li-xin MIAO Qiang HE Li-xia XU Zheng ZHANG Wen-liang | 2013 | Annual Report of China Institute of Atomic Energy2013，，1： | 0 |
| 19 | A voluntary standard to make typing French easier显示文摘Did you know that writing French capital letters without accents is considered wrong and can create confusion? This is one example of the bias caused by flaws in the current AZERTY keyboard model.It also Limits the ability to type in regional languages,among other problems. | AFNOR | 2019 | China Standardization2019，84，3： | 0 |
| 20 | How to improve oral English显示文摘Nowadays,a 9-year voluntary education program is put forward in China.A Standard English course is being used to replace the former teaching outline.The new standard adopts the international system according to which English language education is divided into 9 levels.This has changed the old style of teaching,which attaches importance to grammar and vocabulary.Moreover,The new method places more stress on'listening and speaking'than'reading and writing'.Therefore,speaking is getting more and more important in English teaching. | 何茜 | 2014 | 校园英语2014，，20： | 0 |
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