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| 1 | Failure mechanism and coupled static-dynamic loading theory in deep hard rock mining: A review显示文摘Rock failure phenomena,such as rockburst,slabbing(or spalling) and zonal disintegration,related to deep underground excavation of hard rocks are frequently reported and pose a great threat to deep mining.Currently,the explanation for these failure phenomena using existing dynamic or static rock mechanics theory is not straightforward.In this study,new theory and testing method for deep underground rock mass under coupled static-dynamic loading are introduced.Two types of coupled loading modes,i.e.'critical static stress + slight disturbance' and 'elastic static stress + impact disturbance',are proposed,and associated test devices are developed.Rockburst phenomena of hard rocks under coupled static-dynamic loading are successfully reproduced in the laboratory,and the rockburst mechanism and related criteria are demonstrated.The results of true triaxial unloading compression tests on granite and red sandstone indicate that the unloading can induce slabbing when the confining pressure exceeds a certain threshold,and the slabbing failure strength is lower than the shear failure strength according to the conventional Mohr-Column criterion.Numerical results indicate that the rock unloading failure response under different in situ stresses and unloading rates can be characterized by an equivalent strain energy density.In addition,we present a new microseismic source location method without premeasuring the sound wave velocity in rock mass,which can efficiently and accurately locate the rock failure in hard rock mines.Also,a new idea for deep hard rock mining using a non-explosive continuous mining method is briefly introduced. | Xibing Li Fengqiang Gong Ming Tao Longjun Dong Kun Du Chunde Ma Zilong Zhou Tubing Yin | 2017 | Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering2017，9，4： | 68 |
| 2 | 长白山阔叶红松林通量观测的footprint及源区分布显示文摘该文根据通量观测塔上2 0 0 3年12个月连续的通量观测资料,应用Schmid (1994)的FSAM(TheFlux_SourceAreaModel)模型,分析不同大气条件下源区分布.结果表明:①源(汇)区分布的基本特点是:不稳定条件下,传感器测得的通量信息源区比稳定条件时近,源区面积相对小;相同水平下非生长季的信息源区比生长季的信息源区大.②在主风方向2 0 0°~2 90°,生长季不稳定条件下,通量测量的信息源区(P =0 8)迎风方向范围在0~60 0m之间,垂直于迎风方向范围在-3 0 0~3 0 0m之间;稳定条件下,分别为0~15 0 0m ,-10 0 0~10 0 0m ;在非生长季相同大气条件下,迎风方向和垂直迎风方向的范围较均值略大些,而风向在0°~90°、90°~2 0 0°、2 90°~3 60°时,相同大气条件下,其范围与主风向生长季的范围近似.③12个月统计结果表明,76%的信息来自于西南至西北方相对均质的阔叶红松原始林,其中footprint取得最大值的源区在塔西南方10 0~40 0m范围内,几乎没有来自北偏东方向的城镇下垫面的信息,而在塔东南方0 5km以外的其他类型下垫面对通量测量的影响约3 %左右. | 赵晓松 关德新 吴家兵 金昌杰 韩士杰 | 2005 | 北京林业大学学报2005，27，3： | 40 |
| 3 | Wheat straw burning and its associated impacts on Beijing air quality显示文摘Based on MODIS images, large-scale flow field charts and environmental monitoring data, we thor- oughly analyzed the spatial distribution of wheat straw burning in North China, with focus on its envi- ronmental impacts on the air quality of Beijing and pollution transport paths. And we anatomized changes of air quality in Beijing under the impacts of pollution generated by wheat straw burning around. The results indicate that: (1) The North China Plain, a winter-wheat growing area, is the main source of pollutants induced by wheat straw burning in Beijing. The direction of south-west is the dominant heavy pollution transport path. (2) Impacts of wheat straw burning on air quality are mainly manifested by significantly increasing CO concentration. (3) Precursors of O3 generated by wheat straw burning, combining with favorable meteorological conditions, can induce increasing O3 concentration greatly. NO concentration will be greatly increased due to decreasing O3 concentration at night. (4) Atmospheric particles, especially the fine ones, from wheat straw burning exert considerable influ- ence on Beijing air quality. (5) Different contributions of wheat straw burning to pollutants are identified. Ratios of PM10/SO2, CO/SO2, etc., can be applied to indicate pollution extent of wheat straw burning. High ratios of PM10/SO2 and CO/SO2 show that the air quality was heavily impacted by wheat straw burning and these ratios can be employed as indicators of contribution of wheat straw burning to the degradation of Beijing air quality. (6) Randomness of wheat straw burning activities renders random outbreak of air pollution of this type. Regional and extensive wheat straw burning activities can cause serious air pollution event. | LI LingJun WANG Ying ZHANG Qiang LI JinXiang YANG XiaoGuang JIN Jun | 2008 | Science China Earth Sciences2008，51，3： | 37 |
| 4 | Sr-Nd isotopic compositions of the Changjiang sediments: Implications for tracing sediment sources显示文摘The suspended particulate and fine-grained floodplain sediments were collected from the main stream and tributaries of the Changjiang River for Sr-Nd isotopic measurements. The εNd(0) values gradually decrease downstream from -10.8 on average in the upper reaches to -12.3 in the lower reaches, whereas the 87Sr/86Sr ratios increase correspondingly, averaging 0.721899 and 0.725826 respectively in the upper and middle-lower reaches. The compositional variations primarily reflect the complex con- trols of provenance rocks, chemical weathering, and sediment characters between different catchments, among which the abnormal Sr-Nd isotopic compositions of the Yalong, Fujiang, Tuojiang and Yuanjiang rivers indicate the sediment provenance contributions from the Emeishan Basalt in the upper reaches and the old metamorphic and siliceous rocks in the middle-lower reaches. The Sr-Nd isotopic ratios of the Changjiang sediments can better reflect the average composition of weathered continental crust compared to other major rivers in the world because of the unique source rock types in the Changjiang drainage basin. The recognition of the Sr-Nd isotopic systematics of the Changjiang sediments will contribute to our understanding of the Changjiang evolution history and continental weathering processes during the Cenozoic, and also to reconstructing the paleoenvironmental changes in East China and the marginal seas. | YANG ShouYe1?, JIANG ShaoYong2, LING HongFei2, XIA XiaoPing3, SUN Min3 & WANG DeJie4 1 State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China 2 State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposit Research, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China 3 Departmen of Earth Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China 4 Development Research Center, China Geological Survey, Beijing 100083, China | 2007 | Science China Earth Sciences2007，50，10： | 32 |
| 5 | Ozone source attribution during a severe photochemical smog episode in Beijing,China显示文摘Beijing,the capital of China,frequently suffers from the high levels of ozone in summer.A 3-D regional chemical transport model,the Comprehensive Air Quality Model with extensions(CAMx),has been used to simulate a heavy O3 pollution episode in Beijing during June 26―July 2,2000.Ozone Source Apportionment Technology(OSAT) and Geographic Ozone Assessment Technology(GOAT) were applied to quantify the contributions of the precursor emissions from different regions to O3 concentrations in Beijing,to identify the relative importance of different ways by which regional sources affected the O3 levels in Beijing urban areas,and to investigate the sensitivity of O3 formation to the precursors during the episode.The O3 pollution in Beijing showed a significant spatial distribution with strong regional contribution.The results suggested that the plume originating from Beijing urban areas greatly affected the O3 concentrations at the Dingling site,accounting for 55% of elevated O3 there,while O3 pollution in the Beijing urban areas resulted from both local emissions and those from Tianjin and the south of Hebei Province.Transport of O3 was responsible for about 70% of the regional O3 contribution to Beijing urban areas,while transport of O3 precursors accounted for the remainder.The formation of O3 was limited by volatile organic compounds(VOCs) in the urban areas of Beijing,while being more sensitive to NOx levels in the suburban and more remote areas.Therefore,it is necessary to consider a large number of factors,including impacts of emissions from different regions,the two modes of regional contribution as well as the sensitivity of O3 formation to precursors,in the design of emissions control strategies for O3 reduction in Beijing. | WANG XueSong LI JinLong ZHANG YuanHang XIE ShaoDong TANG XiaoYan | 2009 | Science China Chemistry2009，52，8： | 32 |
| 6 | Hydrocarbon sources and stages of reservoir formation in Kuqa depression, Tarim Basin显示文摘Kuqa depression bears not only plenty ofnatural gas, but also a large amount of condensate and smallquantity of crude oil. Based on the geochemical correlationbetween the Jurassic and Triassic terrestrial hydrocarbonsource rock, this paper confirms that the natural gas in Kuqadepression belongs to coal-type gas and the main gas sourcerock is attributed to the middle to lower Jurassic coal seriesformation, while the main oil source rock is the upper Tri-assic lacustrine mudstone. The authors indicated that Kuqadepression was slowly subsided in Mesozoic, but rapidlywent down in Late Tertiary, which made the Jurassic andTriassic source rock suddenly deep-buried and rapidlyevolved to high and over-mature phase since 5 Ma. TheTriassic source rock is postponed to the Early Miocene dur-ing 23-12 Ma when entering the oil-generating peak, whilethe Jurassic is suspended to the latest 5 Ma, especially since2.5 Ma to the dry gas-generating period, which is one of thecharacteristics of the source rock thermal evolution in Kuqadepression. This paper presents a two-stage trapping andlate gas trapping model in Kuqa depression whose charac-teristics are: The main oil and gas reservoirs have differentsources. The oil reservoir is formed early while the gas res-ervoir is formed lately. During the early stage, it, mainly asoil, takes long distance lateral migration, while in the laterstage, it, mainly as gas, takes the vertical migration and alsohas lateral migration. The trap formed in different time onthe south and north sides of the depression and evolved intoa distributional pattern with oil in the south part and gas inthe north, also oil on the outer ring and gas on the inner ring.This paper points out that the late trapping of the naturalgas in Kuqa depression is favorable for the preservation oflarge gas fields. | LIANG Digang ZHANG Shuichang ZHAO Mengjun WANG Feiyu | 2002 | Chinese Science Bulletin2002，47，S1： | 34 |
| 7 | 火山喷发活动对烃源岩的影响:以拉布达林盆地上库力组为例显示文摘本文以拉布达林盆地下白垩统上库力组火山岩系中发育的一套优质烃源岩为研究对象,应用岩石热解、氯仿沥青抽提、镜质体反射率分析、饱和烃气相色谱分析和色谱-质谱分析以及全岩成分分析等多种方法和手段,探讨火山喷发活动对烃源岩中有机质成熟度、烃源岩生烃特征及优质烃源岩形成的影响。研究结果表明:烃源岩的有机质镜质体反射率(R_0)在0.56%~0.62%之间,最大热解温度(T_(max))在429~442℃之间,部分样品的氯仿沥青'A'转化率(A/TOC)和烃转化率(HC/TOC)分别>5%和>3%。上述各种参数均指示有机质成熟度处于低成熟阶段,说明火山喷发活动对烃源岩有机质成熟度影响不明显。在火山喷发活动和烃源岩相互作用过程中,火山岩中过渡金属元素发生迁移,致使烃源岩中过渡金属元素含量增加。由于过渡金属元素对烃源岩生烃有催化作用,因此,火山喷发活动可以促进烃源岩早生烃,有利于低熟油的形成。火山喷发活动带来的热液一方面给湖盆水体中的水生生物带来了大量的营养物质,促进水生生物繁殖,为优质烃源岩的形成奠定了丰富的物质基础;另一方面,火山热液使水体含盐度增加,形成还原环境,为有机质的保存和转化提供了有利条件。 | 高福红 高红梅 赵磊 | 2009 | 岩石学报2009，25，10： | 34 |
| 8 | Seasonal variation and source apportionment of organic and inorganic compounds in PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) particulates in Beijing,China显示文摘The distribution and source of the solvent-extractable organic and inorganic components in PM 2.5(aerodynamics equivalent diameter below 2.5 microns),and PM 10(aerodynamics equivalent diameter below 10 microns) fractions of airborne particles were studied weekly from September 2006 to August 2007 in Beijing.The extracted organic and inorganic compounds identified in both particle size ranges consisted of n-alkanes,PAHs(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons),fatty acids and water soluble ions.The potential emission sources of these organic compounds were reconciled by combining the values of n-alkane carbon preference index(CPI),%waxC n,selected diagnostic ratios of PAHs and principal component analysis in both size ranges.The mean cumulative concentrations of n-alkanes reached 1128.65ng/m3 in Beijing,74% of which(i.e.,831.7ng/m3) was in the PM 2.5 fraction,PAHs reached 136.45ng/m3(113.44ng/m3 or 83% in PM 2.5),and fatty acids reached 436.99ng/m3(324.41ng/m3 or 74% in PM 2.5),which resulted in overall enrichment in the fine particles.The average concentrations of SO42-,NO3-,and NH4+ were 21.3±15.2,6.1±1.8,12.5±6.1μg/m3 in PM 2.5,and 25.8±15.5,8.9±2.6,16.9±9.5μg/m3 in PM 10,respectively.These three secondary ions primarily existed as ammonium sulfate((NH4)2SO4),ammonium bisulfate(NH4HSO4) and ammonium nitrate(NH4NO3).The characteristic ratios of PAHs revealed that the primary sources of PAHs were coal combustion,followed by gasoline combustion.The ratios of stearic/palmitic acid indicated the major contribution of vehicle emissions to fatty acids in airborne particles.The major alkane sources were biogenic sources and fossil fuel combustion.The major sources of PAHs were vehicular emission and coal combustion. | Xingru Li Yuesi Wang Xueqing Guo Yingfeng Wang | 2013 | Journal of Environmental Sciences2013，25，4： | 34 |
| 9 | Source mechanism of small-moderate earthquakes and tectonic stress field in Yunnan Province显示文摘In the paper, source mechanisms of 33 small-moderate earthquakes occurred in Yunnan are determined by modeling of regional waveforms from Yunnan digital seismic network. The result shows that most earthquakes occurred within or near the Chuandian rhombic block have strike-slip mechanism. The orientations of maximum compressive stresses obtained from source mechanism are changed from NNW-SSN to NS in the areas from north to south of the block, and tensile stresses are mainly in ENE-WSW or NE-SE. In the eastern Tibetan Plateau, the orientations of maximum compressive stress radiate toward outside from the plateau, and the tensile stress orientations mostly parallel to arc structures. Near 28°N the orientations of both maximum compressive stress and tensile stress changed greatly, and the boundary seems to correspond to the southwestern extended line of Longmenshan fault. Outside of the Chuandian rhombic block, the orientations of P and T axes are some different from those within the block. The comparison shows that the source mechanism of small-moderate events presented in the paper is consistence with that of moderate-strong earthquakes determined by Harvard University, which means the source mechanism of small-moderate events can be used to study the tectonic stress field in this region. | WU Jian-ping(吴建平) MING Yue-hong(明跃红) WANG Chun-yong(王椿镛) | 2004 | Acta Seismologica Sinica(English Edition)2004，17，5： | 25 |
| 10 | Simulation of spatially coupling dynamic response of train-track time-variant system显示文摘There exist three problems in the calculation of lateral vibration of the train-track time-variant system athome and abroad and the method to solve them is presented. Spatially coupling vibration analysis model of train-track time-variant system is put forward. Each vehicle is modeled as a multi-body system with 26 degrees of freedomand the action of coupler is also considered. The track structure is modeled as an assembly of track elements with 30degrees of freedom, then the spatially coupling vibration matrix equation of the train-track time-variant system is es-tablished on the basis of the principle of total potential energy with stationary value and the 'set-in-right-position'rule. The track vertical geometric irregularity is considered as the excitation source of the vertical vibration of thesystem, and the hunting wave of car bogie frame is taken as the excitation source of lateral vibration of the system.The spatially coupling vibration matrix equation of the system is solved by Wilson-θ direct integration method. Theapproximation of the calculated results to the spot test results demonstrates the feasibility and effectiveness of thepresented analysis method. Finally, some other vibration responses of the system are also obtained. | 向俊 李德建 曾庆元 | 2003 | Journal of Central South University of Technology2003，10，3： | 26 |
| 11 | Climate change tendency and grassland vegetation response during the growth season in Three-River Source Region显示文摘Climate change,climate suitablity change for grassland vegetation,and grassland response to climate change during the growth season are studied systematically by using meteorological data of temperature,precipitation,and length of sunlight from 1961 to 2007,NOAA/AVHRR NDVI from 1982 to 2006,and observations of grass height,biomass,and coverage in enclosed grassland from 1994 to 2006.Two models are developed to evaluate climate change and the climatic suitability of grassland vegetation growth.Average temperature,accumulative precipitation,and length of sunlight during the growth season increased from 1961 to 2007 at rates of 0.24°C/10 yr,2.32 mm/10 yr,and 2.81 h/10 yr,respectively.The increase rates of ave-rage temperature between April and May,and between June and August are 0.17 and 0.30°C/10 yr;accumulative rainfall between April and May increased at a rate of 2.80 mm/10 yr,and accumulative rainfall between June and August decreased at a rate of 0.38 mm/10 yr;the increase rates of accumulative length of sunlight between April and May,and between June and August are 2.15 and 1.2 h/10 yr.The climatic suitability of grassland vegetation growth showed an increasing trend,and the increase rate between April and May is greater than that between June and August.Both NDVI observations from 1982 to 2006 and measurements of grass height,dry biomass,and coverage from 1994 to 2006 show that the climate change has resulted in an increase in plant productivity of the grassland in Three-River Source Region.If some protection measures are taken as soon as possible,the deteriorated grassland in Three-River Source Region can recover. | QIAN Shuan1,FU Yang2 & PAN FeiFei3 1 National Meteorological Center,Beijing 100081,China 2 Qinghai Meteorological Research Institute,Xining 810001,China 3 Department of Geography,University of North Texas,Denton,TX 76203,USA | 2010 | Science China Earth Sciences2010，53，10： | 25 |
| 12 | Air pollutants contribution and control strategies of energy-use related sources in Beijing显示文摘Based on the statistical analysis of emission inventory and ISCST3 model simulation, the emission and ambient concentration contributions of energy-use related sources to the major pollutants of SO2, NOx and PM10 in urban areas of Beijing were analyzed. The SO2 emission contributions of coal burning in power plants, industrial and heating sectors were 49%, 26% and 24% respectively. The vehicle exhaust contributed 74% of the NOx concentration. As to PM10, the industrial sector was the largest emission (28%) and concentration (21%) contributor despite of the fugitive sources. The source emission contributions of VOC and NH3, which greatly influence the generation of secondary pollutants, were discussed as well. This paper also analyzed the control strategies of energy consumption and vehicle sources, based on which the control scenario in 2008 was established and the change of emission and concentration contribution were estimated. The results show that the cleaner energy use, industrial structure improvement, transportation mode modification and single vehicle emission control will greatly improve air quality. The industrial sector will change to the largest contributor of SO2 and as to NOx, vehicle emission control is still important. | HAO Jiming WANG Litao LI Lin HU Jingnan YU Xuechun | 2005 | Science China Earth Sciences2005，48，z2： | 24 |
| 13 | 电压源换流器直流侧短路故障特性分析显示文摘电压源换流器直流侧发生故障时,其故障电压电流变化迅速,对系统造成了严重威胁。针对这一问题,从电力电子层面深入分析了电压源换流器直流侧短路故障中最为严重的两极短路故障过程。将故障过程分为3个阶段,推导了电容放电阶段直流电压、电流表达式,分析了不控整流初始阶段存在的两种情况,对不控整流稳态阶段提出了采用开关函数计算短路电流的方法。最后通过PSCAD/EMTDC环境下±10 kV直流线路两极短路故障模型的仿真计算,对理论分析进行了验证。研究结果表明,两极短路故障后电路的响应情况与短路阻抗大小相关,短路阻抗较小时需要直流断路器在极短的时间内切除故障,短路阻抗较大时则可以利用交流侧的保护装置对直流侧电压、电流进行动态监测,实现直流侧短路故障的后备保护。 | 胡竞竞 高一波 严玉婷 徐习东 | 2014 | 机电工程2014，31，4： | 24 |
| 14 | Monitoring lake changes of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau over the past 30 years using satellite remote sensing data显示文摘During the years 2006–2009,lakes in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau(QTP)were investigated using satellite remote sensing strategies.We report the results of this investigation as well as follow-up research and expanded work.For the investigation,we mainly focused on lakes whose areas are more than 1 km2.The remote sensing data that we used included 408 scenes of CBERS CCD images and 5 scenes of Landsat ETM?images in Qinghai Province and Tibet Autonomous Region.All these data were acquired around years 2005–2006.Besides remote sensing images,we also collected 1,259 topographic maps.Numbers and areas of lakes were analyzed statistically,which were then compared with those coming from the first lake investigation(implemented between the1960s and 1980s).According to our investigation,up to and around year 2005–2006,the total number of lakes in the QTP was 1,055(222 in Qinghai and 833 in Tibet),accounting for more than 30%of that of China.Thirty newborn lakes with area[1 km2were found,and 5 dead lakes with initial area[1 km2were also found.Among those 13 big lakes([500 km2),Yamzhog Yumco had seriously shrunk,and it has continued to shrink in recent years;Qinghai Lake had shrunk during the period,but some new researches indicated that it has been expanding since the year 2004;Siling Co,Nam Co,and Chibuzhang Co had expanded in the period.We divided the newborn lakes into six categories according to their forming reasons,including river expansion,wetland conversion,etc.The changes of natural conditions led to the death of four lakes,and human exploitation was the main reason for the death of Dalianhai Lake in Qinghai.We picked out three regions which were sensitive to the change of climate and ecological environment:Nagqu Region,Kekexili Region,and the source area of the Yellow River(SAYR).Lakes in both Nagqu and Kekexili have been expanded;meanwhile,most lakes in the SAYR have obviously been shrunk.These regional patterns of lake changes were highly related to variations of temperature,glacier,precipitation,and evaporation.Our investigation and analysis will provide references for researches related to lake changes in the QTP and the response to climate fluctuations. | Wei Wan Pengfeng Xiao Xuezhi Feng Hui Li Ronghua Ma Hongtao Duan Limin Zhao | 2014 | Chinese Science Bulletin2014，59，10： | 22 |
| 15 | Land-atmosphere-ocean coupling associated with the Tibetan Plateau and its climate impacts显示文摘This paper reviews recent advances regarding land-atmosphere-ocean coupling associated with the Tibetan Plateau(TP)and its climatic impacts.Thermal forcing over the TP interacts strongly with that over the Iranian Plateau,forming a coupled heating system that elevates the tropopause,generates a monsoonal meridional circulation over South Asia and creates conditions of large-scale ascent favorable for Asian summer monsoon development.TP heating leads to intensification and westward extension(northward movement)of the South Asian High(Atlantic Intertropical Convergence Zone),and exerts strong impacts on upstream climate variations from North Atlantic to West Asia.It also affects oceanic circulation and buoyancy fields via atmospheric stationary wave trains and air-sea interaction processes,contributing to formation of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation.The TP thermal state and atmospheric-oceanic conditions are highly interactive and Asian summer monsoon variability is controlled synergistically by internal TP variability and external forcing factors. | Yimin Liu Mengmeng Lu Haijun Yang Anmin Duan Bian He Song Yang Guoxiong Wu | 2020 | National Science Review2020，7，3： | 21 |
| 16 | Introduction to the overall physics design of CSNS accelerators显示文摘The China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) is an accelerator-based facility. The accelerator of CSNS consists of a low energy linac, a Rapid Cycling Synchrotron (RCS) and two beam transport lines. The overall physics design of CSNS accelerator is described, including the design principle, the choice of the main parameters and design of each part of accelerators. The key problems of the physics design, such as beam loss and control, are also discussed. The interface between the different parts of accelerator, as well as between accelerator and target, are introduced. | 王生 方守贤 傅世年 刘渭滨 欧阳华甫 秦庆 唐靖宇 韦杰 | 2009 | Chinese Physics C2009，33，S2： | 20 |
| 17 | Geochemical characteristics and formation process of natural gas in Kela 2 gas field显示文摘On the basis of a large amount of natural gascomponents and the carbon isotope as well as some otheranalysis data in Kela 2 gas field, the geochemical character-istics, source, origin, and formation process of natural gashave been discussed. The components of gas in the field tendto be 'dry', and the drying coefficient is close to 1.0. Thecarbon isotope tends to be heavier, for instance, the averageof δ13C1 is -27.36‰ and that ofδ13C2 is -18.5‰. Compre-hensive analysis shows that humic natural gas in the Kuqapetroleum system comes mainly from Triassic and Jurassicsource rocks, and the contribution of Jurassic source rocks tothe pool maybe is more than that of Triassic rocks. The maincause that the gas tends to be dry and bears heavier isotopecomposition lies in the fact that Kela 2 natural gas is the ac-cumulation of late production of humic source rocks, and itis affected by the abnormal high pressure as well. Consider-ing the hydrocarbon generating and structural history, wecan regard the gas pool formation processes as twice fillingand twice adjusting (destroying), that is, the filling anddestroying process in the early Himalayan movement and thefilling and adjusting in the late Himalayan movement. | ZHAO Mengjun LU Shuangfang WANG Tingdong LI Jian | 2002 | Chinese Science Bulletin2002，47，S1： | 20 |
| 18 | Occurrence, sources and fate of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the groundwater: A review显示文摘The presence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)in the aquatic environment may pose potential threat to the ecosystem and human health,hence PPCPs have aroused much concern over the world.The contamination of PPCPs in the groundwater,the main source of drinking water supply in many countries and regions,has been extensively studied in the last decade.This paper reviews the occurrence of frequently detected PPCPs,including antibiotics,anti-inflammatories,lipid-regulators,carbamazepine,caffeine,and N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide in groundwater,with special concern to the progress made over the past three years.Possible emission sources for PPCPs in groundwater,such as wastewater and contaminated surface water,landfills,septic systems,livestock breeding and sewer leakage,are summarized.Besides,adsorption,migration and degradation,the dominant mechanisms in the subsurface transport and fate of PPCPs,are discussed,and the insights into the future study of PPCPs in the groundwater are provided. | Qian Sui Xuqi Cao Shuguang Lu Wentao Zhao Zhaofu Qiu Gang Yu | 2015 | Emerging Contaminants2015，1，1： | 20 |
| 19 | The Inference of Magmatic Heat Source Beneath the Rehai (Hot Sea) Field of Tengchong From the Result of Magnetotelluric Sounding显示文摘1 Geothermal Geology The Rehai (Hot Sea) geothermal field is at 24°57.5′N and 98°26.5′E in amountainous (1400-1800 m) area, approximately 18 km southwest of TengchongTown. The Rehai field has noticeable surface manifestations including boiling springsand fumaroles with a maximum temperature of about 96℃. The thermal springsdischarge water of the sodium-chloride-bicarbonate type with TDS of 2. 8 g/l and SiO2of 450 mg/l. By geothermometers, the reservoir temperature is generally 23O℃. | 白登海 廖志杰 赵国泽 王绪本 | 1994 | Chinese Science Bulletin1994，39，7： | 19 |
| 20 | STUDY ON CLIMATIC FEATURES OF SURFACE TURBULENT HEAT EXCHANGE COEFFICIENTS AND SURFACE THERMAL SOURCES OVER THE QINGHAI-XIZANG PLATEAU显示文摘Using monthly mean of surface turbulent heat exchange coefficients calculated based on datafrom four automatic weather stations(AWS)for thermal equilibrium observation in July 1993—September 1996 and of surface conventional measurements,an empirical expression is establishedfor such coefficients.With the expression,the heat exchange coefficients and the components ofsurface thermal source are computed in terms of 1961—1990 monthly mean conventional data from148 stations over the Qinghai-Xizang(Tibetan)Plateau(QXP)and its adjoining areas,and the1961—1990 climatic means are examined.Evidence suggests that the empirical expression is capable of showing the variation of the heatexchange coefficient in a climatic context.The monthly variation of the coefficients averaged overthe QXP is in a range of 4×10-3-5×10-3.The wintertime values are bigger in the mountainsthan in the valleys and reversal in summer.Surface effective radiation and sensible heat are thedominant factors of surface total heat.In spring surface sensible heat is enhanced quickly,resulting in two innegligible regions of sensible heat,one in the west QXP and the other innorthern Tibet.with their maximums emerging in different months.In spring and summersensible heat and surface effective radiation are higher in the west than in the east.The effectiveradiation peaks for the east in October—December and the whole QXP and in June and October forthe west.The surface total heat of the plateau maximizes in May.minimizes in December andJanuary,and shows seasonal variation more remarkable in the SW compared to the eastern part.Inthe SW plateau the total heat is much more intense than the eastern counterpart in all the seasonsexcept winter.Under the effect of the sensible heat,the total heat on the SW plateau starts toconsiderably intensify in February,which leads to a predominant heating region in the west,withits center experiencing a noticeable westward migration early in summer and twice pronouncedweakening in July and after October.However,the weakening courses are owing to differentcauses.The total heat over the north of QXP is greatly strengthened in March.thus generatinganother significant thermal region in the plateau. | 赵平 陈隆勋 | 2000 | Acta meteorologica Sinica2000，14，1： | 19 |
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