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| 1 | The Sunway TaihuLight supercomputer: system and applications显示文摘The Sunway Taihu Light supercomputer is the world's first system with a peak performance greater than 100 PFlops. In this paper, we provide a detailed introduction to the Taihu Light system. In contrast with other existing heterogeneous supercomputers, which include both CPU processors and PCIe-connected many-core accelerators(NVIDIA GPU or Intel Xeon Phi), the computing power of Taihu Light is provided by a homegrown many-core SW26010 CPU that includes both the management processing elements(MPEs)and computing processing elements(CPEs) in one chip. With 260 processing elements in one CPU, a single SW26010 provides a peak performance of over three TFlops. To alleviate the memory bandwidth bottleneck in most applications, each CPE comes with a scratch pad memory, which serves as a user-controlled cache. To support the parallelization of programs on the new many-core architecture, in addition to the basic C/C++and Fortran compilers, the system provides a customized Sunway Open ACC tool that supports the Open ACC2.0 syntax. This paper also reports our preliminary efforts on developing and optimizing applications on the Taihu Light system, focusing on key application domains, such as earth system modeling, ocean surface wave modeling, atomistic simulation, and phase-field simulation. | Haohuan FU Junfeng LIAO Jinzhe YANG Lanning WANG Zhenya SONG Xiaomeng HUANG Chao YANG Wei XUE Fangfang LIU Fangli QIAO Wei ZHAO Xunqiang YIN Chaofeng HOU Chenglong ZHANG Wei GE Jian ZHANG Yangang WANG Chunbo ZHOU Guangwen YANG | 2016 | Science China(Information Sciences)2016，59，7： | 45 |
| 2 | Analytical estimation of mixing coefficient induced by surface wave-generated turbulence based on the equilibrium solution of the second-order turbulence closure model显示文摘Based on the equations of motion and the assumption that ocean turbulence is of isotropy or quasi-isotropy, we derived the closure equations of the second-order moments and the variation equations for characteristic quantities, which describe the mechanisms of advection transport and shear instability by the sum of wave-like and eddy-like motions and circulation. Given that ocean turbulence generated by wave breaking is dominant at the ocean surface, we presented the boundary conditions of the turbulence kinetic energy and its dissipation rate, which are determined by energy loss from wave breaking and entrainment depth respectively. According to the equilibrium solution of the variation equations and available data of the dissipation rate, we obtained an analytical estimation of the characteristic quantities of surface-wave-generated turbulence in the upper ocean and its related mixing coefficient. The derived kinetic dissipation rate was validated by field measurements qualitatively and quantitatively, and the mixing coefficient had fairly good consistency with previous results based on the Prandtl mixing length theory. | YUAN YeLi QIAO FangLi YIN XunQiang HAN Lei | 2013 | Science China Earth Sciences2013，56，1： | 7 |
| 3 | Evaluation on data assimilation of a global high resolution wave-tide-circulation coupled model using the tropical Pacific TAO buoy observations显示文摘In order to evaluate the assimilation results from a global high resolution ocean model, the buoy observations from tropical atmosphere ocean(TAO) during August 2014 to July 2015 are employed. The horizontal resolution of wave-tide-circulation coupled ocean model developed by The First Institute of Oceanography(FIOCOM model) is 0.1°×0.1°, and ensemble adjustment Kalman filter is used to assimilate the sea surface temperature(SST), sea level anomaly(SLA) and Argo temperature/salinity profiles. The simulation results with and without data assimilation are examined. First, the overall statistic errors of model results are analyzed. The scatter diagrams of model simulations versus observations and corresponding error probability density distribution show that the errors of all the observed variables, including the temperature, isotherm depth of 20°C(D20), salinity and two horizontal component of velocity are reduced to some extent with a maximum improvement of 54% after assimilation. Second, time-averaged variables are used to investigate the horizontal and vertical structures of the model results. Owing to the data assimilation, the biases of the time-averaged distribution are reduced more than70% for the temperature and D20 especially in the eastern Pacific. The obvious improvement of D20 which represents the upper mixed layer depth indicates that the structure of the temperature after the data assimilation becomes more close to the reality and the vertical structure of the upper ocean becomes more reasonable. At last,the physical processes of time series are compared with observations. The time evolution processes of all variables after the data assimilation are more consistent with the observations. The temperature bias and RMSE of D20 are reduced by 76% and 56% respectively with the data assimilation. More events during this period are also reproduced after the data assimilation. Under the condition of strong 2014/2016 El Ni?o, the Equatorial Undercurrent(EUC) from the TAO is gradually increased during August to November in 2014, and followed by a decreasing process. Since the improvement of the structure in the upper ocean, these events of the EUC can be clearly found in the assimilation results. In conclusion, the data assimilation in this global high resolution model has successfully reduced the model biases and improved the structures of the upper ocean, and the physical processes in reality can be well produced. | SHI Junqiang YIN Xunqiang SHU Qi XIAO Bin QIAO Fangli | 2018 | Acta Oceanologica Sinica2018，37，3： | 7 |
| 4 | The prediction on the 2015/16 El Nino event from the perspective of FIO-ESM显示文摘Recently atmospheric and oceanic observations indicate the tropical Pacific is at the El Ni?o condition. However,it's not clear whether this El Ni?o event of this year is comparable to the very strong one of 1997/98 which brought huge influence on the whole world. In this study, based on the Ensemble Adjusted Kalman Filter(EAKF)assimilation scheme and First Institute of Oceanography-Earth System Model(FIO-ESM), the assimilation system is setup, which can provide reasonable initial conditions for prediction. And the hindcast results suggest the skill of El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation(ENSO) prediction is comparable to other dynamical coupled models. Then the prediction for 2015/16 El Ni?o by using FIO-ESM is started from 1 November 2015. The ensemble results indicate that the 2015/16 El Ni?o will continue to be strong. By the end of 2015, the strongest strength is very like more than 2.0°C and the ensemble mean strength is 2.34°C, which indicates 2015/16 El Ni?o event will be very strong but slightly less than that of 1997/98 El Ni?o event(2.40°C) calculated relative a climatology based on the years1992–2014. The prediction results also suggest 2015/16 El Ni?o event will be a transition to ENSO-neutral level in the early spring(FMA) 2016, and then may transfer to La Ni?a in summer 2016. | SONG Zhenya SHU Qi BAO Ying YIN Xunqiang QIAO Fangli | 2015 | Acta Oceanologica Sinica2015，34，12： | 6 |
| 5 | Energy budget of surface waves in the global ocean显示文摘Mechanical energy input from atmosphere and losses from wave-breaking dissipation of sea surface waves are estimated by a direct scheme. This scheme is based on the integration in the wavenumber space of the wind input and breaking dissipation source functions of the MASNUM wave model. The global amount of wind energy input, averaged in 2005, is about 57 TW, and the wave-breaking dissipation summed in deep-water is about 33 TW, over a half of the wind energy input. The residual may be dissipated by beach processes. Global distributions of the energy input and breaking dissipation concentrate in the westerlies of the Southern Hemisphere. | TENG Yong YANG Yongzeng QIAO Fangli LU Jing YIN Xunqiang | 2009 | Acta Oceanologica Sinica2009，28，3： | 6 |
| 6 | A theoretical model for the intrusion of the Kuroshio across the continental shelf of East China Sea显示文摘Here we use a two-layer model to study the dynamics of the intrusion of the Kuroshio onto the continental shelf. Results show that the interaction of the Kuroshio water and shelf water produces a stable upwelling zone above 100 m depth northeast of Taiwan, which provides a dynamical explanation to the presence of the cold core previously observed by satellite. The affected shelf water from the interaction has an onshore portion, which turns right and becomes a northward alongshore flow when it moves closer to shore. This implies that the Kuroshio water cannot penetrate deep onto the inner part of the continental shelf, but it generates a strong northward jet that is formed mainly by the shelf water. | ZHANG QingHua QU YuanYuan LI JianKe YIN XunQiang | 2015 | Science China Earth Sciences2015，58，12： | 4 |
| 7 | Case study on the three-dimensional structure of meso-scale eddy in the South China Sea based on a high-resolution model显示文摘Meso-scale eddies are important features in the South China Sea(SCS). The eddies with diameters of 50–200 km can greatly impact the transport of heat, momentum, and tracers. A high-resolution wave-tide-circulation coupled model was developed to simulate the meso-scale eddy in the SCS in this study. The aim of this study is to examine the model ability to simulate the meso-scale eddy in the SCS without data assimilations The simulated Sea Surface Height(SSH) anomalies agree with the observed the AVISO SSH anomalies well. The simulated subsurface temperature profiles agree with the CTD observation data from the ROSE(Responses of Marine Hazards to climate change in the Western Pacific) project. The simulated upper-ocean currents also agree with the main circulation based on observations. A warm eddy is identified in winter in the northern SCS. The position and domain of the simulated eddy are confirmed by the observed sea surface height data from the AVISO. The result shows that the model has the ability to simulate the meso-scale eddy in the SCS without data assimilation.The three-dimensional structure of the meso-scale eddy in the SCS is analyzed using the model result. It is found that the eddy center is tilted vertically, which agrees with the observation. It is also found that the velocity center of the eddy does not coincide with the temperature center of the eddy. The result shows that the model has the ability to simulate the meso-scale eddy in the SCS without data assimilations. Further study on the forming mechanism and the three-dimensional structure of the meso-scale eddies will be carried out using the model result and cruise observation data in the near future. | XIA Changshui JUNG Kyung Tae WANG Guansuo YIN Xunqiang GUO Jingsong | 2016 | Acta Oceanologica Sinica2016，35，2： | 3 |
| 8 | High efficient parallel numerical surface wave model based on an irregular quasi-rectangular domain decomposition scheme显示文摘To achieve high parallel efficiency for the global MASNUM surface wave model, the algorithm of an irregular quasirectangular domain decomposition and related serializing of calculating points and data exchanging schemes are developed and conducted, based on the environment of Message Passing Interface(MPI). The new parallel version of the surface wave model is tested for parallel computing on the platform of the Sunway BlueLight supercomputer in the National Supercomputing Center in Jinan. The testing involves four horizontal resolutions, which are 1°×1°,(1/2)°×(1/2)°,(1/4)°×(1/4)°, and(1/8)°×(1/8)°. These tests are performed without data Input/Output(IO) and the maximum amount of processors used in these tests reaches to 131072. The testing results show that the computing speeds of the model with different resolutions are all increased with the increasing of numbers of processors. When the number of processors is four times that of the base processor number, the parallel efficiencies of all resolutions are greater than 80%. When the number of processors is eight times that of the base processor number, the parallel efficiency of tests with resolutions of 1°×1°,(1/2)°×(1/2)° and(1/4)°×(1/4)° is greater than 80%, and it is 62% for the test with a resolution of(1/8)°×(1/8)° using 131072 processors, which is the nearly all processors of Sunway BlueLight. When the processor's number is 24 times that of the base processor number, the parallel efficiencies for tests with resolutions of 1°×1°,(1/2)°×(1/2)°, and(1/4)°×(1/4)° are 72%, 62%, and 38%, respectively. The speedup and parallel efficiency indicate that the irregular quasi-rectangular domain decomposition and serialization schemes lead to high parallel efficiency and good scalability for a global numerical wave model. | ZHAO Wei SONG ZhenYa QIAO FangLi YIN XunQiang | 2014 | Science China Earth Sciences2014，57，8： | 3 |
| 9 | Development of a fine-resolution atmosphere-wave-ocean coupled forecasting model for the South China Sea and its adjacent seas显示文摘A 72-h fine-resolution atmosphere-wave-ocean coupled forecasting system was developed for the South China Sea and its adjacent seas. The forecasting model domain covers from from 15°S to 45°N in latitude and 99°E to135°E in longitude including the Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea, the South China Sea and the Indonesian seas. To get precise initial conditions for the coupled forecasting model, the forecasting system conducts a 24-h hindcast simulation with data assimilation before forecasting. The Ensemble Adjustment Kalman Filter(EAKF) data assimilation method was adopted for the wave model MASNUM with assimilating Jason-2 significant wave height(SWH) data. The EAKF data assimilation method was also introduced to the ROMS model with assimilating sea surface temperature(SST), mean absolute dynamic topography(MADT) and Argo profiles data. To improve simulation of the structure of temperature and salinity, the vertical mixing scheme of the ocean model was improved by considering the surface wave induced vertical mixing and internal wave induced vertical mixing. The wave and current models were integrated from January 2014 to October 2015 driven by the ECMWF reanalysis 6 hourly mean dataset with data assimilation. Then the coupled atmosphere-wave-ocean forecasting system was carried out 14 months operational running since November 2015. The forecasting outputs include atmospheric forecast products, wave forecast products and ocean forecast products. A series of observation data are used to evaluate the coupled forecasting results, including the wind, SHW, ocean temperature and velocity.The forecasting results are in good agreement with observation data. The prediction practice for more than one year indicates that the coupled forecasting system performs stably and predict relatively accurate, which can support the shipping safety, the fisheries and the oil exploitation. | Junchuan Sun Zexun Wei Tengfei Xu Meng Sun Kun Liu Yongzeng Yang Li Chen Hong Zhao Xunqiang Yin Weizhong Feng Zhiyuan Zhang Yonggang Wang | 2019 | Acta Oceanologica Sinica2019，38，4： | 3 |
| 10 | A comparison of two global ocean-ice coupled models with different horizontal resolutions显示文摘A global eddy-permitting ocean-ice coupled model with a horizontal resolution of 0.25 by 0.25 is established on the basis of Modular Ocean Model version 4 (MOM4) and Sea Ice Simulator (SIS). Simulation results are compared with those of an intermediate resolution ocean-ice coupled model with a horizontal resolution of about 1 by 1 . The results show that the simulated ocean temperature, ocean current and sea ice concentration from the eddy-permitting model are better than those from the intermediate resolution model. However, both the two models have the common problem of ocean general circulation models (OGCMs) that the majority of the simulated summer sea surface temperature (SST) is too warm while the majority of the simulated subsurface summer temperature is too cold. Further numerical experiments show that this problem can be alleviated by incorporating the non-breaking surface wave-induced vertical mixing into the vertical mixing scheme for both eddy-permitting and intermediate resolution models. | SHU Qi QIAO Fangli SONG Zhenya YIN Xunqiang | 2013 | Acta Oceanologica Sinica2013，32，8： | 2 |
| 11 | The improvement of the one-dimensional Mellor-Yamada and K-profile parameterization turbulence schemes with the non-breaking surface wave-induced vertical mixing显示文摘Both the level 2.5 Mellor-Yamada turbulence closure scheme(MY) and K-profile parameterization(KPP) are popularly used by the ocean modeling community.The MY and the KPP are improved through including the non-breaking surface wave-induced vertical mixing(Bv),and the improved schemes were tested by using continuous data at the Papa ocean weather station(OWS) during 1961–1965.The numerical results showed that the Bv can make the temperature simulations fit much better with the continuous data from Papa Station.The two improved schemes overcame the shortcomings of predicting too shallow upper mixed layer depth and consequently overheated sea surface temperature during summertime,which are in fact common problems for all turbulence closure models.Statistical analysis showed that the Bv effectively reduced the mean absolute error and root mean square error of the upper layer temperature and increased the correlation coefficient between simulation and the observation.Furthermore,the performance of vertical mixing induced by shear instability and the Bv is also compared.Both the temperature structure and its seasonal cycle significantly improved by including the Bv,regardless of whether shear instability was included or not,especially for the KPP mixing scheme,which suggested that Bv played a dominant role in the upper ocean where the mean current was relatively weak,such as at Papa Station.These results may provide a clue to improve ocean circulation models. | LI Yan QIAO Fangli YIN Xunqiang SHU Qi MA Hongyu | 2013 | Acta Oceanologica Sinica2013，32，9： | 2 |
| 12 | ANSYS imple- menttation of damping solvent stepwise extraction method for nonlinear seismic analysis of large 3-D structures显示文摘 | Yin Xunqiang Li Jianbo Wu Chenglin | 2013 | Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering2013，44，： | 1 |
| 13 | An ensemble adjustment Kalman filter study for Argo data 显示文摘 | YIN Xunqiang QIAO Fangli TANG Yongzeng | 2010 | Chinese Journal of Oceanolo and Limnoligy2010，28，3： | 1 |
| 14 | Arctic sea ice concentration and thickness data assimilation in the FIO-ESM climate forecast system显示文摘To improve the Arctic sea ice forecast skill of the First Institute of Oceanography-Earth System Model(FIO-ESM)climate forecast system,satellite-derived sea ice concentration and sea ice thickness from the Pan-Arctic IceOcean Modeling and Assimilation System(PIOMAS)are assimilated into this system,using the method of localized error subspace transform ensemble Kalman filter(LESTKF).Five-year(2014–2018)Arctic sea ice assimilation experiments and a 2-month near-real-time forecast in August 2018 were conducted to study the roles of ice data assimilation.Assimilation experiment results show that ice concentration assimilation can help to get better modeled ice concentration and ice extent.All the biases of ice concentration,ice cover,ice volume,and ice thickness can be reduced dramatically through ice concentration and thickness assimilation.The near-real-time forecast results indicate that ice data assimilation can improve the forecast skill significantly in the FIO-ESM climate forecast system.The forecasted Arctic integrated ice edge error is reduced by around 1/3 by sea ice data assimilation.Compared with the six near-real-time Arctic sea ice forecast results from the subseasonal-toseasonal(S2 S)Prediction Project,FIO-ESM climate forecast system with LESTKF ice data assimilation has relatively high Arctic sea ice forecast skill in 2018 summer sea ice forecast.Since sea ice thickness in the PIOMAS is updated in time,it is a good choice for data assimilation to improve sea ice prediction skills in the near-realtime Arctic sea ice seasonal prediction. | Qi Shu Fangli Qiao Jiping Liu Zhenya Song Zhiqiang Chen Jiechen Zhao Xunqiang Yin Yajuan Song | 2021 | Acta Oceanologica Sinica2021，40，10： | 1 |
| 15 | ANSYS imple- mentation of damping solvent stepwise extraction method for nonlinear seismic analysis of large 3-D structures 显示文摘 | Yin Xunqiang Li Jianbo Lin Gao | 2013 | Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engi- neering2013，44，： | 1 |
| 16 | ANSYS implementation of damping solvent stepwise extraction method for nonlinear seismic anal- ysis of large 3- D structures 显示文摘 | Yin Xunqiang Li Jianbo | 2013 | Soil Dynamics and Earth- quake Engineering2013，44，32： | 1 |
| 17 | Reconstruction of eddies by assimilating satellite altimeter data into Princeton Ocean Model显示文摘An optimal interpolation assimilation model for satellite altimetry data is developed based on Princeton Ocean Model(POM),which is applied in a quasi-global domain,by the method of isotropic correlation between sea level anomaly(SLA) and sea temperature anomaly. The performance of this assimilation model is validated by the modeled results of SLA and the current patterns. Comparisons between modeling and satellite data show that both the magnitudes and distribution patterns of the simulated SLA are improved by assimilation. The most significant improvement is that meso-scale systems,e.g.,eddies,are well reconstructed. The evolution of an eddy located in the northwest Pacific Ocean is traced by using the assimilation model. Model results show that during three months the eddy migrated southwestward for about 6 degrees before merging into the Kuroshio. The three dimensional structure of this eddy on 12 August 2001 is further analyzed. The strength of this warm,cyclonic eddy decreases with the increase of depth. The eddy shows different horizontal patterns at different layers,and the SLA and temperature fields agree with each other well. This study suggests that this kind of data assimilation is economic and reliable for eddy reconstruction,and can be used as a promising technique in further studies of ocean eddies as well as other fine circulation structures. | YIN Xunqiang QIAO Fangli XIA Changshui LU Xin'gang YANG Yongzeng | 2010 | Acta Oceanologica Sinica2010，29，1： | 1 |
| 18 | Infragravity waves with internal wave characteristics in the south of the Bohai Sea of China显示文摘The measurements by using ADCP (500 KH) and CTD were made during August 2000 in the south (37°55'N, 120°25'E) of the Bohai Sea, where the water depth was about 16.5 m. The data of horizontal velocity with sampling interval of 2 min in 7 layers were obtained. The power spectrum analysis of these data indicates that there are very energetic infragravity waves with a period of about 6 min. The coherence spectrum analysis and the analysis of temporal variation of shear show that these infragravity waves are mainly the free wave model (properties of edge waves), in the meantime they possess some characteristics of internal waves, which are likely due to the distinctive marine environment in this area. It is speculated on that the instability processes (chiefly shear instability) of sheared stratified tidal flow owing to the effect of sea-floor slope in the coastal area might be the main mechanism generating these infragravity waves. | Fan Zhisong, Gao Guoping, Yin Xunqiang, Fan Yu, Wu Wei Marine Environment College,Ocean University of China,Qingdao 266003, China | 2003 | Acta Oceanologica Sinica2003，22，2： | 1 |
| 19 | Seasonal prediction skills of FIO-ESM for North Pacific sea surface temperature and precipitation显示文摘The seasonal prediction of sea surface temperature(SST) and precipitation in the North Pacific based on the hindcast results of The First Institute of Oceanography Earth System Model(FIO-ESM) is assessed in this study.The Ensemble Adjusted Kalman Filter assimilation scheme is used to generate initial conditions, which are shown to be reliable by comparison with the observations. Based on this comparison, we analyze the FIO-ESM 6-month hindcast results starting from each month of 1993–2013. The model exhibits high SST prediction skills over most of the North Pacific for two seasons in advance. Furthermore, it remains skillful at long lead times for midlatitudes. The reliable prediction of SST can transfer fairly well to precipitation prediction via air-sea interactions.The average skill of the North Pacific variability(NPV) index from 1 to 6 months lead is as high as 0.72(0.55) when El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation and NPV are in phase(out of phase) at initial conditions. The prediction skill of the NPV index of FIO-ESM is improved by 11.6%(23.6%) over the Climate Forecast System, Version 2. For seasonal dependence, the skill of FIO-ESM is higher than the skill of persistence prediction in the later period of prediction. | Yiding Zhao Xunqiang Yin Yajuan Song Fangli Qiao | 2019 | Acta Oceanologica Sinica2019，38，1： | 0 |
| 20 | Construction parameters of graded sand-gravel foundation on seismic response law of nuclear safety grade underground corridor显示文摘The treatment of soft soil foundation under nuclear safety grade corridors with graded sand and gravel materials has a good development prospect.It is of great engineering value to explore the influence of construction parameters of graded sand and gravel foundation on the seismic response of gallery structures.Taking the safety grade underground corridor of a nuclear power plant as the engineering background,the equivalent linear method is used to consider the nonlinear dynamic characteristics of graded sand and gravel.The energy transfer boundary is applied at the truncation boundary to simulate the dissipation effect of scattered wave fluctuation energy and the ground motion input.The thicknessless contact element is introduced to consider the contact effect between the corridor structure and the graded sand and gravel foundation,so as to establish the calculation model of the dynamic interaction between the graded sand and gravel foundation and the corridor structure.Furthermore,the influence of the relative compactness and the foundation treatment depth on the seismic response of the corridor structure is studied,and the calculation results of the acceleration response spectrum and relative displacement of the corridor structure are analyzed.The calculation results show that the two construction parameters have different degrees of influence on the seismic response of corridor structure.The research results can provide reference for the engineering design and construction of underground corridors,and provide technical support for the application of graded gravel materials in soft soil foundation treatment. | Yue Li Xunqiang Yin | 2022 | Earthquake Research Advances2022，2，4： | 0 |
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