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| 1 | Drift characteristics of green macroalgae in the Yellow Sea in 2008 and 2010显示文摘In order to investigate the aggregation mechanism of green macroalgae (Enteromorpha prolifera) on the Qingdao coastline,the macroalgal drift characteristics in the Yellow Sea during June and July in 2008 and 2010 were simulated using a three-dimensional wave-tide-circulation coupled model.In June 2008,the monthly-mean surface current flowed onshore and its direction was almost perpendicular to the Qingdao coastline,which was identified as the main reason for a huge accumulation of algae in the coastal waters off Qingdao.The current became parallel to the coastline in July 2008;this shift in current direction led to little accumulation of algae near Qingdao and thus relieved the environmental pressure on the Olympic sailing events.By using the coupled model,we predicted that there would be no serious algal accumulation at Qingdao in late June 2010,which was later confirmed by observations.This study demonstrated that the drift path of macroalgae near Qingdao is mainly controlled by the surface current,which is primarily driven by wind.Regional climate change is therefore one of the means by which physical processes affect marine ecosystems. | QIAO FangLi WANG GuanSuo LüXinGang DAI DeJun | 2011 | Chinese Science Bulletin2011，56，21： | 25 |
| 2 | Predicting the spread of nuclear radiation from the damaged Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant显示文摘Japan suffered a M9.0 earthquake and massive tsunami on March 11, 2011, which seriously damaged the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant and caused a nuclear crisis. The spread of nuclear radiation from the power plant through the atmosphere and ocean was predicted with a short-term climate forecasting model and an ocean circulation model under some idealized assumptions. If nuclear matter were leaked in the near-ground layer of 992 hPa, the climate model results show that the nuclear radiation would cover North America 10 days after the initial leakage, with the concentration at the forefront dramatically reduced to 10 millionths of the initial model concentration at the source. The radiation would span Europe in 15 days and cover much of the Northern Hemisphere in 30 days. If the initial leakage was assumed to occur in the layer 5000-m above the ground, the radiation would cover Europe in 10 days and cover much of the Northern Hemisphere in 15 days. Moreover, under the assumption that the nuclear matter leaked in the 10000-m layer, the radiation would affect much of China after 10 days. The ocean circulation model indicates that the nuclear material would be slowly transported northeast of Fukushima and reach 150°E in 50 days, and the nuclear debris in the ocean would be confined to a narrow band. Compared with the spread in the ocean, the area affected by leaked nuclear radiation in the atmosphere would be very large. Atmospheric monitors in North America and Europe will be helpful for estimating the effect in China of any leaked nuclear material. | QIAO FangLi WANG GuanSuo ZHAO Wei ZHAO JieChen DAI DeJun SONG YaJuan SONG ZhenYa | 2011 | Chinese Science Bulletin2011，56，18： | 18 |
| 3 | Verification of an operational ocean circulation-surface wave coupled forecasting system for the China's seas显示文摘An operational ocean circulation-surface wave coupled forecasting system for the seas off China and adjacent areas(OCFS-C) is developed based on parallelized circulation and wave models. It has been in operation since November 1, 2007. In this paper we comprehensively present the simulation and verification of the system, whose distinguishing feature is that the wave-induced mixing is coupled in the circulation model. In particular, with nested technique the resolution in the China's seas has been updated to(1/24)° from the global model with(1/2)°resolution. Besides, daily remote sensing sea surface temperature(SST) data have been assimilated into the model to generate a hot restart field for OCFS-C. Moreover, inter-comparisons between forecasting and independent observational data are performed to evaluate the effectiveness of OCFS-C in upper-ocean quantities predictions, including SST, mixed layer depth(MLD) and subsurface temperature. Except in conventional statistical metrics, non-dimensional skill scores(SS) is also used to evaluate forecast skill. Observations from buoys and Argo profiles are used for lead time and real time validations, which give a large SS value(more than 0.90). Besides, prediction skill for the seasonal variation of SST is confirmed. Comparisons of subsurface temperatures with Argo profiles data indicate that OCFS-C has low skill in predicting subsurface temperatures between 100 m and 150 m. Nevertheless, inter-comparisons of MLD reveal that the MLD from model is shallower than that from Argo profiles by about 12 m, i.e., OCFS-C is successful and steady in MLD predictions. Validation of 1-d, 2-d and 3-d forecasting SST shows that our operational ocean circulation-surface wave coupled forecasting model has reasonable accuracy in the upper ocean. | WANG Guansuo ZHAO Chang XU Jiangling QIAO Fangli XIA Changshui | 2016 | Acta Oceanologica Sinica2016，35，2： | 5 |
| 4 | Effects of different freshwater flux representations in an ocean general circulation model of the tropical Pacific显示文摘Freshwater flux(FWF) is a major forcing that affects the ocean through several processes. The effects of FWF may be represented in ocean modeling as real freshwater flux(RFF) formulations and virtual salt flux(VSF) methods. RFF formulations have been implemented in the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory(GFDL) Modular Ocean Model version 5(MOM5) as a replacement for the non-physical VSF method, which is primarily used in state-of-the-art ocean models. Here, we systematically evaluated the effects of RFF-related processes on the GFDL MOM5-based simulations in the tropical Pacific.When the FWF was treated as the natural boundary condition(NBC), it directly decreased the local temperature and the salinity by changing the volume of the top model layer, and it increased the temperature in the eastern Pacific by triggering an eastward Goldsbrough–Stommel circulation in the subsurface.Moreover, the heat content induced by the FWF tended to counteract the decreasing effects of the NBC on sea surface temperatures(SSTs) in the western-central tropical Pacific. The relationships between SST perturbations and the FWF representation in ocean modeling are also discussed. | Xianbiao Kang Rong-Hua Zhang Guansuo Wang | 2017 | Science Bulletin2017，62，5： | 5 |
| 5 | A numerical investigation into the long-term behaviors of Fukushima-derived ^(137)Cs in the ocean显示文摘The Fukushima nuclear accident in 2011 released large amounts of radionuclides, including ^(137)Cs, into the Pacific Ocean. A quasi-global ocean radioactive transport model with horizontal grid spacing of 0.5°×0.5° and 21 vertical layers was thereafter established to study the long-term transport of the Fukushima-derived ^(137)Cs in the ocean.The simulation shows that the plume of ^(137)Cs would be rapidly transported eastward alongside the Kuroshio Current and its extensions. Contaminated waters with concentrations lower than 2 Bq/m3 would reach the west coast of North America 4 or 5 years after the accident. The ^(137)Cs tends to be carried, despite its very low concentration, into the Indian and South Pacific Oceans by 2016 via various branches of ocean currents.Meanwhile, the ^(137)Cs concentrations in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean decrease rapidly with time. Up to now the highly contaminated waters have remained in the upper 400 m, showing no evidence of significant penetration to deeper layers. | ZHAO Chang WANG Gang QIAO Fangli WANG Guansuo JUNG Kyung-Tae XIA Changshui | 2015 | Acta Oceanologica Sinica2015，34，12： | 3 |
| 6 | Case study on the three-dimensional structure of meso-scale eddy in the South China Sea based on a high-resolution model显示文摘Meso-scale eddies are important features in the South China Sea(SCS). The eddies with diameters of 50–200 km can greatly impact the transport of heat, momentum, and tracers. A high-resolution wave-tide-circulation coupled model was developed to simulate the meso-scale eddy in the SCS in this study. The aim of this study is to examine the model ability to simulate the meso-scale eddy in the SCS without data assimilations The simulated Sea Surface Height(SSH) anomalies agree with the observed the AVISO SSH anomalies well. The simulated subsurface temperature profiles agree with the CTD observation data from the ROSE(Responses of Marine Hazards to climate change in the Western Pacific) project. The simulated upper-ocean currents also agree with the main circulation based on observations. A warm eddy is identified in winter in the northern SCS. The position and domain of the simulated eddy are confirmed by the observed sea surface height data from the AVISO. The result shows that the model has the ability to simulate the meso-scale eddy in the SCS without data assimilation.The three-dimensional structure of the meso-scale eddy in the SCS is analyzed using the model result. It is found that the eddy center is tilted vertically, which agrees with the observation. It is also found that the velocity center of the eddy does not coincide with the temperature center of the eddy. The result shows that the model has the ability to simulate the meso-scale eddy in the SCS without data assimilations. Further study on the forming mechanism and the three-dimensional structure of the meso-scale eddies will be carried out using the model result and cruise observation data in the near future. | XIA Changshui JUNG Kyung Tae WANG Guansuo YIN Xunqiang GUO Jingsong | 2016 | Acta Oceanologica Sinica2016，35，2： | 3 |
| 7 | Ocean temperature responses to Typhoon Mstsa in the East China Sea显示文摘The MASNUM wave-tide-circulation coupled model,with 21 layers in the vertical and(1/8)°horizontal resolution,was employed to investigate the oceanic responses to Typhoon Mstsa which traversed the East China Sea(ECS)during the period of 4~6 August,2005.Numerical experiment results are analyzed and compared with observation.The responses of the sea surface temperature(SST),in a focused area of(27°~29°N,121°~124°E),include heating and cooling stages.The heating is mainly due to warm Kuroshio water transportation and downwelling due to the water accumulation.In the cooling stage,the amplitude of the simulated cold wake(~3℃),located on the right side of this typhoon track,is compared quite well with that of the satellite observed SST data.The wave-induced mixing(Bv)plays a key role for the SST cooling.Bv still plays a leading role,which accounts for 36%,for the ocean temperature drop in the upper ocean of 0~40 m,while the upwelling is responsible for 84% of the cooling for the lower layer of 40~70 m.The mixed layer depth(MLD)increased quickly from 28 to 50 m in the typhoon period.However,the simulated MLD without the wave-induced vertical mixing,evolution from 13 to 32 m,was seriously underestimated.The surface wave is too important to be ignored for the ocean responses to a typhoon. | WANG Guansuo QIAO Fangli | 2008 | Acta Oceanologica Sinica2008，27，4： | 3 |
| 8 | China published ocean forecasting system for the 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road on December 10, 2018显示文摘1 The unique ocean forecasting system (OFS) based on FIO-COM The OFS is based on the surface wave-tide-circulation coupled ocean model developed by the First Institute of Oceanography (FIO-COM), Ministry of Natural Resources, China. The half-century challenge that ocean circulation models must address is that the forecasting/simulated sea surface temperature overheats while the sub-surface temperature is too cold, especially during the summer. Qiao et al.(2004, 2010, 2016) found that the non-breaking surface wave can generate turbulence through wave-turbulence interaction, and they developed the wave-induced mixing theory, which has been confirmed by observations, laboratory experiments and model numerical simulations. As validated by ocean circulation models from various research groups, including Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) in the US (Fan and Griffies, 2014), Uppsala University of Sweden (Wu et al., 2015), Laboratoire d’Etudes en Geophysique et Oceanographie Spatiale (LEGOS) in France (Malek and Babanin, 2014), Budapest University of Technology and Economics in Hungary (Peter and Kramer, 2016) and the Ocean University of China (Lin et al., 2006), the non-breaking surface waveinduced vertical mixing (Bv) can always dramatically improve the simulation capacity of various ocean circulation models. The First Institute of Oceanography (FIO) research group found that tidal-induced mixing plays a key role in the formation of coastal upwelling, in the bottom mixed layer and in areas with sea mounts (Lv et al., 2006, 2008). With the above breakthroughs, the first surface wavetide-circulation coupled model of FIO-COM was developed in 2013. It was adopted to produce a reanalysis dataset for the period of January 2014 to April 2016, and it has been used for the operational OFS since May 2016. A highly efficient parallel scheme was designed to use the full capacity of Taihu Light with 10 649 600 CPU cores (Qiao et al., 2016), which earned a finalist nomination for the international Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) Gordon Bell Prize. | Fangli Qiao Guansuo Wang Somkiat Khokiattiwong Mohd Fadzil Akhir Wenxi Zhu Bin Xiao | 2019 | Acta Oceanologica Sinica2019，38，1： | 2 |
| 9 | i4OilS pill, an Operational Marine Oil Spill Forecasting Model for Bohai Sea显示文摘Oil spill models can effectively simulate the trajectories and fate of oil slicks, which is an essential element in contingency planning and effective response strategies prepared for oil spill accidents. However, when applied to offshore areas such as the Bohai Sea, the trajectories and fate of oil slicks would be affected by time-varying factors in a regional scale, which are assumed to be constant in most of the present models. In fact, these factors in offshore regions show much more variation over time than in the deep sea, due to offshore bathymetric and climatic characteristics. In this paper, the challenge of parameterizing these offshore factors is tackled. The remote sensing data of the region are used to analyze the modification of wind-induced drift factors, and a well-suited solution is established in parameter correction mechanism for oil spill models. The novelty of the algorithm is the self-adaptive modification mechanism of the drift factors derived from the remote sensing data for the targeted sea region, in respect to empirical constants in the present models. Considering this situation, a new regional oil spill model(i4Oil Spill) for the Bohai Sea is developed, which can simulate oil transformation and fate processes by Eulerian-Lagrangian methodology. The forecasting accuracy of the proposed model is proven by the validation results in the comparison between model simulation and subsequent satellite observations on the Penglai 19-3 oil spill accident. The performance of the model parameter correction mechanism is evaluated by comparing with the real spilled oil position extracted from ASAR images. | YU Fangjie YAO Fuxin ZHAO Yang WANG Guansuo CHEN Ge | 2016 | Journal of Ocean University of China2016，15，5： | 2 |
| 10 | The summertime circulation of the Bohai Sea simulated from a high-resolution wave-tide-circulation coupled model显示文摘The Bohai Sea is a shallow semi-enclosed inner sea with an average depth of 18 m and is located at the west of the northern Yellow Sea. The climatological circulation pattern in summer of the Bohai Sea is studied by using a wave-tide-circulation coupled model. The simulated temperature and the circulation agree with the observation well. The result shows that the circulation pattern of the Bohai Sea is jointly influenced by the tidal residual current, wind and baroclinic current. There exists an obvious density current along the temperature front from the west part of the Liaodong Bay to the offshore area of the Huanghe Estuary. In the Liaodong Bay there exists a clockwise gyre in the area north to the 40°N. While in the area south to the 40°N the circulation shows a two-gyre structure, the flow from the offshore area of the Huanghe Estuary to the Liaodong Bay splits into two branches in the area between 39°N and 40°N. The west branch turns into north-west and forms an anti-clockwise gyre with the south-westward density current off the west of the Liaodong Bay. The east branch turns to the east and forms a clockwise gyre with the flow along the east coast of the Liaodong Bay. The forming mechanism of the circulation is also discussed in this paper. | Changshui Xia Jingsong Guo Guansuo Wang Zhenhua Chen Xiaodi Kuang | 2019 | Acta Oceanologica Sinica2019，38，1： | 2 |
| 11 | A model for the transportation and distribution of jellyfish Rhopilema esculentum for stock enhancement in the Liaodong Bay, China显示文摘A numerical model for jellyfish Rhopilema esculentum stock enhancement is developed for the first time. The model is based on an operational ocean circulation-surface wave coupled forecasting system for the seas off China and adjacent areas and uses a Lagrangian particle-tracking scheme to track the trajectories of released jellyfish. The Jellyfish are modeled as particles with diel vertical migration and are passively drifted by the current and dispersion due to the sub-grid processes. A comparison between the simulation and survey results demonstrate that the model can capture the primary distribution patterns of the released jellyfish. The model results show that the ocean current and indirect wind impact are the main drivers controlling the jellyfish transport. A connectivity matrix between the release sites and fishing grounds indicates the top of the bay is better than the eastern and western coasts for jellyfish fishing. The matrix also shows that only 45% and 27% of the jellyfish released from Wafangdian(WFD) can enter the fishing ground in 2008 and 2010; thus, the site near WFD is not an advisable location for jellyfish release. A Lagrangian probability density function based on a nine-year tracing experiment validates the results and further provides a 'climatology' distribution of the released jellyfish.Several experiments are conducted to examine the sensitivity of the model to random walk schemes and to release conditions. The model requires a random walk but is insensitive to the random walk scheme. The experiments with different habitat depths show that if the jellyfish are fixed on the bottom of the water, most of them will be transported to the center, or even out of the bay, by the bottom circulation. | Liping Yin Xiujuan Shan Chang Zhao Xianshi Jin Guansuo Wang Fangli Qiao | 2019 | Acta Oceanologica Sinica2019，38，1： | 2 |
| 12 | Derivatives on the isotropic tensor functions显示文摘The derivative of the isotropic tensor function plays an important part in continuum mechanics and computational mechanics, and also it is still an opening problem. By means of a scalar response function f ( Λ i , I 1 , I2) and solving a tensor equation, this problem is well studied. A compact explicit expression for the derivative of the isotropic tensor function is presented, which is valid for both distinct and repeated eigenvalue cases. Throughout the analysis, the formulation holds for general isotropic tensor functions without need to solve eigenvector problems or determine coefficients. On the theoretical side, a very simple solution of a tensor equation is obtained. As an application to continuum mechanics, a base-free expression for the Hill’s strain rate is given, which is more compact than the existent results. Finally, with an example we compute the derivative of an exponent tensor function. And the efficiency of the present formulations is demonstrated. | DUI Guansuo WANG Zhengdao JIN Ming | 2006 | Science China(Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy)2006，49，3： | 2 |
| 13 | Upwelling off the west coast of Hainan Island in summer: Itsdetection and mechanisms显示文摘 | Lü XINGANG QIAO FANGLI WANG GUANSUO 2008 | 2008 | Geophysical Research Letters2008，35，02： | 1 |
| 14 | Upwelling and surface cold patches in the Yellow Sea in summer: Effects of tidal mixing on the vertical circulation显示文摘 | Xingang Lü Fangli Qiao Changshui Xia Guansuo Wang Yeli Yuan | 2009 | Continental Shelf Research2009，，6： | 1 |
| 15 | The effects of the non-breaking surface wave-induced vertical mixing on the forecast of tropical cyclone tracks显示文摘The Weather Research and Forecasting model(WRF)is configured for the region of(15°–41°N,105°–135°E),which covers the same area with the MASNUM(Key Lab.Marine Science&Numerical Modeling,State Oceanic Administration)wave-tide-circulation coupled operational forecast system.Three numerical experiments are implemented to investigate the effects of the real-time forecasted sea surface temperature(SST)and the nonbreaking wave-induced vertical mixing(Bv)on the track forecast of all 33 tropical cyclones(TC)in the model domain area during 2008 and 2011.The first experiment employs NCEP FNL(NCEP final analysis)SST as WRF’s bottom condition as the Control run,which is also the default setup of WRF.The second and third experiments use real-time forecasted SST from the MASNUM forecast system with and without Bv,respectively.The forecasted track results are compared with Japan Meteorological Agency’s best track data.For 24-h forecast,the averaged TC position error of Experiment with Bv is reduced by 9%compared to the Control experiment,while the forecasted track error of Experiment without Bv is reduced by only2%compared to the Control experiment.For the 48-h forecast,the averaged track errors are reduced by 10%and6%with Bv and without Bv compared to the Control experiment,respectively.These results suggest that the real-time forecasted SST can improve the performance of WRF in forecasting TC track,and the Bv plays an important role in reducing the forecast error of TC track.Comparatively,Bv can improve more on the track of stronger TC. | Biao Zhao Fangli Qiao Guansuo Wang | 2014 | Chinese Science Bulletin2014，59，24： | 1 |
| 16 | CONSTITUTIVE MODELING OF ROLLED SHAPE MEMORY ALLOY SHEETS TAKING INTO ACCOUNT PRE-TEXTURE AND ANISOTROPIC HARDENING显示文摘The drawing or rolling process endows polycrystal shape memory alloy with a crystallographic texture, which can result in macroscopic anisotropy. The main purpose of this work is to develop a constitutive model to predict the thermomechanical behavior of shape memory alloy sheets, which accounts for the crystallographic texture. The total macroscopic strain is decomposed into elastic strain and macro-transformation strain under isothermal condition. Considering the transformation strain in local grains and the orientation distribution function of crystallographic texture, the macro-transformation strain and the effective elastic modulus of textured polycrystal shape memory alloy are developed by using tensor expressions. The kinetic equation is established to calculate the volume fraction of the martensite transformation under given stress. Furthermore, the Hill's quadratic model is developed for anisotropic transformation hardening of textured SMA sheets. All the calculation results are in good agreement with experimental data, which show that the present model can accurately describe the macro-anisotropic behaviors of textured shape memory alloy sheets. | Yuping Zhu Yuanbing Wang Guansuo Dui | 2014 | Acta Mechanica Solida Sinica2014，27，2： | 1 |
| 17 | Geostrophic Spirals Generated by the Horizontal Diffusion of Vortex Stretching in the Yellow Sea显示文摘Horizontal velocity spirals with a clockwise rotation(downward looking) rate of 1.7?m^(-1), on average, were observed in the western and northern Yellow Sea from December 2006 to February 2007. With the observed thermal wind relation,the beta-spiral theory was used to explain the dynamics of spirals. It was found that the horizontal diffusion of geostrophic vortex stretching is likely to be a major mechanism for generating geostrophic spirals. Vertical advection associated with surface/bottom Ekman pumping and topography-induced upwelling is too weak to support these spirals. Strong wind stirring and large heat loss in wintertime lead to weak stratification and diminish the effects of vertical advection. The cooling effect and vertical diffusion are offset by an overwhelming contribution of horizontal diffusion in connection with vortex stretching. The Richardson number-dependent vertical eddy diffusivity reaches a magnitude of 10^(-4) m^2 s^(-1) on average. An eddy diffusivity of 2870 m^2 s^(-1) is required for dynamic balance by estimating the residual term. This obtained value of 10-4 m^2 s^(-1) is in good agreement with the estimation in terms of observed eddy activities. The suppressed and unsuppressed diffusivities in the observation region are 2752 and 2881 m^2 s^(-1), respectively, which supports a closed budget for velocity rotation. | Xiangzhou SONG Rui Xin HUANG Dexing WU Fangli QIAO Guansuo WANG | 2019 | Advances in Atmospheric Sciences2019，36，2： | 0 |
| 18 | The mechanism of the banded structure of drifting macroalgae in the Yellow Sea显示文摘At the end of May 2008,a massive bloom of macroalgae occurred in the western Yellow Sea off China and lasted for nearly two months,and annual blooms have occurred since then on. During bloom period,the surface-drifting macroalgae have showed an interesting pattern dominated by a banded structure,and the distance between neighboring bands ranged from hundreds of meters to about 6 km with a peak at 1–1.5 km,which is an order of higher than the scale of Langmuir circulation of 50–100 m. In order to explain this new phenomenon,ocean current data obtained from a Doppler current profiler off Qingdao was used to implement stability analysis. By numerically solving the resulting differential Orr-Sommerfeld equation,the secondary circulation induced from the instability of the Emkan current was found to fit well with the observed spatial scale of the surface-drifting macroalgae’s banded structure. As the wind driven Emkan current exist universally in the global ocean,it is reasonable to conclude that the banded structure with kilometers distance between adjoining bands is ubiquitous. We found a new circulation in the upper ocean which is important for exchange of energy,materials and gas between the upper ocean and subsurface layer. | Yan Li Fangli Qiao Hongyu Ma Qiuli Shao Zhixin Zhang Guansuo Wang | 2021 | Acta Oceanologica Sinica2021，40，7： | 0 |
| 19 | Sensitive study of the long and short surface wave-induced vertical mixing in a wave-circulation coupled model显示文摘The previous studies by the MASNUM research team have shown the effectiveness of the wave-induced mixing (Bv) in improving the simulation of upper-ocean thermal structure. The mechanisms of Bv are further investigated by incorporating different Bv products into the MASNUM wave-circulation coupled model. First, experiments were designed to explore the effects of Bv, which contain the contributions at different wave lengths (l). The results of three experiments, the non-Bv case, the short-wave case (l <300 m), and the long-wave case (l >300 m) are compared, and it is found that the long waves are the most important component for Bv to generate mixing in the upper ocean. As the swell plays dominant role in mixing, the parameterization of Bv into wind may be not a proper way. Second, Bv effects at different time-scales, including daily and monthly, were examined. The results show that the monthly averaged Bv has larger impact than the daily averaged Bv, especially in summer. | ZHAO Chang | 2012 | Acta Oceanologica Sinica2012，31，4： | 0 |
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