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| 1 | The earthquake-related disturbances in ionosphere and project of the first China seismo-electromagnetic satellite显示文摘Based on the case studies and statistical analysis of earthquake-related ionospheric disturbances mainly from DEMETER satellite,ground-based GPS and ionosounding data,this paper summarizes the statistical characteristics of earthquake-related ionospheric disturbances,including electromagnetic emissions,plasma perturbations and variation of energetic particle flux.According to the main results done by Chinese scientists, fusing with the existed study from global researches,seismo-ionospheric disturbances usually occurred a few days or hours before earthquake occurrence.Paralleling to these case studies,lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere (LAI) coupling mechanisms are checked and optimized.A thermo-electric model was proposed to explain the seismo-electromagnetic effects before earthquakes.A propagation model was put forward to explain the electromagnetic waves into the ionosphere.According to the requirement of earthquake prediction research,China seismo-electromagnetic satellite,the first space-based platform of Chinese earthquake stereoscopic observation system,is proposed and planned to launch at about the end of 2014.It focuses on checking the LAI model and distinguishing earthquake-related ionospheric disturbance.The preliminary design for the satellite will adopt CAST-2000 platform with eight payloads onboard.It is believed that the satellite will work together with the ground monitoring network to improve the capability to capture seismo-electromagnetic information,which is beneficial for earthquake monitoring and prediction researches. | Xuhui Shen Xuemin Zhang Lanwei Wang Huaran Chen Yun Wu Shigeng Yuan Junfeng Shen Shufan Zhao Jiadong Qian Jianhai Ding | 2011 | Earthquake Science2011，24，6： | 13 |
| 2 | Penetration characteristics of VLF wave from atmosphere into lower ionosphere显示文摘The factors affecting the reflection and transmission coefficient of the ionosphere have been analyzed.These factors include wave frequency,incident angle,geomagnetic inclination,electron density and collision frequency in the ionosphere.The ionosphere refractive index is also analyzed.The ionosphere above 70 km is considered to be homogeneous and anisotropic,and the reflection and transmission coefficient matrix is calculated using matrix method.Simultaneously the Booker quartic equation is solved to get the refractive index in the ionosphere.The results show that when the wave frequency is higher,it is easier to penetrate into the ionosphere from its bottom boundary and the propagation attenuation in the ionosphere is smaller.TE(traverse electric) wave and TM(traverse magnetic) wave can both penetrate into the ionosphere with a small incident angle,while TE wave can hardly transmit into the ionosphere when the incident angle is large.The transmission coefficient decreases as the geomagnetic inclination increases.TE and TM wave cannot penetrate into the ionosphere at magnetic equator.When the electron collision frequency is higher,it is easier for VLF wave to penetrate into the ionosphere and the attenuation of ordinary wave is weaker,which may be caused by the energy transportation between the waves and the particles.The ordinary(O) wave experiences severer attenuation than extraordinary(X) wave,and X wave is a penetration mode whereas O wave is a non-penetration mode in the ionosphere.All the results indicate that VLF wave with higher frequency is easier to penetrate into the ionosphere and to be recorded by the satellites at high latitude.It is hard for ULF and the lower frequency VLF wave to transmit into the ionosphere directly for the severe reflection and attenuation.It may transmit into the ionosphere with a small incident angle due to the nonlinear effect,for example,the interaction between the waves and the particles or cross modulation,and then propagate along the whistle duct with small attenuation.This work may be a preliminary theoretical exploration for the future calculation on the response of ground based VLF artificial transmitter in the ionosphere and further study on the seismic ionosphere coupling model. | Shufan Zhao Xuhui Shen Weiyan Pan Xuemin Zhang Li Liao | 2010 | Earthquake Science2010，23，3： | 8 |
| 3 | Ionospheric electromagnetic perturbations observed on DEMETER satellite before Chile M7.9 earthquake显示文摘Based on the ionospheric electromagnetic data observed on DEMETER satellite of France, the ionospheric electromagnetic signals were analyzed within 10 days before Chile M7.9 earthquake on November 14, 2007. It is found that, low frequency electromagnetic disturbances began to increase in a large scale of latitude, and reached to a maximum one week prior to the earthquake, and at about three days before the quake, the peak values shifted to lower latitude. Taking three days as a group, spatial images of a few parameters were analyzed, from which it can be seen during the five days prior to this earthquake, the amplitude and scale of anomalies are enlarged, while the epicenter is located at the boundary of anomalous region. The anomalous tempo-spatial variation in electron density prior to the earthquake were also obtained in terms of tracing the data from revisited orbits in half a year prior to the quake. | Xuemin Zhang Jiadong Qian Xinyan Ouyang Xuhui Shen Jin'an Cai Shufan Zhao | 2009 | Earthquake Science2009，22，3： | 7 |
| 4 | A lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere coupling model for ELF electromagnetic waves radiated from seismic sources and its possibility observed by the CSES显示文摘Over the last century, abnormal electromagnetic(EM) emissions associated with earthquake(EQ) activities have been widely reported and recorded by ground-based and satellite observations. The mechanism of extremely low-frequency(ELF) EM waves radiated from earthquakes has been gradually established. However, whether EM waves radiated from earthquakes can be detected by low Earth orbit(LEO) satellites remains controversial. In this paper, to address these concerns, a lithosphereatmosphere-ionosphere model of ELF wave propagation is constructed. The features of the simulated EM field at LEO satellite altitudes radiated from earthquakes have been studied. The simulated EM field at the altitude of the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite(CSES) is compared with the sensitivity of electromagnetic(EM) sensors onboard the CSES. The results illustrate that an earthquake with a magnitude over 6.0 can be detected by the EM sensors of the CSES. However, this depends on the focal depth, seismogenic environment and ionospheric parameters. | ZHAO ShuFan SHEN XuHui LIAO Li ZEREN ZhiMa | 2021 | Science China(Technological Sciences)2021，64，11： | 4 |
| 5 | Cross-calibration on the electromagnetic field detection payloads of the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite显示文摘The China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite(CSES)deploys three payloads to detect the electromagnetic environment in the ionosphere.The tri-axial fluxgate magnetometers(FGM),as part of the high precision magnetometer(HPM),measures the Earth magnetic vector field in a frequency range from direct current(DC)to 15 Hz.The tri-axial search coil magnetometer(SCM)detects the alternating current(AC)related magnetic field in a frequency range from several Hz to 20 k Hz,and the electric field detector(EFD)measures the spatial electric field in a broad frequency band from DC to 3.5 MHz.This work mainly crosscalibrates the consistency of these three payloads in their overlapped detection frequency range and firstly evaluates CSES’s timing system and the sampling time differences between EFD and SCM.A sampling time synchronization method for EFD and SCM waveform data is put forward.The consistency between FGM and SCM in the ultra-low-frequency(ULF)range is validated by using the magnetic torque(MT)signal as a reference.A natural quasiperiodic electromagnetic wave event verifies SCM and EFD’s consistency in extremely low-frequency and very low-frequency(ELF/VLF)bands.This cross-calibration work is helpful to upgrade the data quality of CSES and brings valuable insights to similar electromagnetic detection solutions by low earth orbit satellites. | ZHIMA Zeren ZHOU Bin ZHAO ShuFan WANG Qiao HUANG JianPing ZENG Li LEI JunGang CHEN Yu LI Cheng YANG DeHe SUN XiaoYing MIAO YuanQing ZHU XingHong SHEN XuHui | 2022 | Science China(Technological Sciences)2022，65，6： | 3 |
| 6 | Progress and development on multi-parameters remote sensing application in earthquake monitoring in China显示文摘In this paper,the progress and development on remote sensing technology applied in earthquake monitoring research are summarized,such as differential interference synthetic aperture radar(D-InSAR),infrared remote sensing,and seismo-ionospheric detecting.Many new monitoring data in this domain have been used,and new data processing methods have been developed to obtain high-precision images about crustal deformation,outgoing longwave radiation(OLR),surface latent heat flux(SLHF),and ionospheric parameters.The development in monitoring technology and data processing technique largely enriches earthquake research information and provides new tools for earthquake stereoscope monitoring system,especially on the space part.Finally,new developing trend in this area was introduced,and some key problems in future work were pointed out. | Xuhui Shen Xuemin Zhang Shunying Hong Feng Jing Shufan Zhao | 2013 | Earthquake Science2013，26，6： | 3 |
| 7 | 电磁监测试验卫星及其初步成果显示文摘As the first satellite of the China national geophysical field observation series of stllite missions,the China Seismo--Electromagnetic Satellite(CSES)was designed upon an optimized CAST2000 platform for a sun synchronous orbit.Onboard CSES,there are total eight types of scientific payloads including the Search-coil Magnetometer,Electric Field Detector,High Precision Magnetometer,GNSS Occupation Receiver,Plasma Analyzer,Langmuir Probe,Energetic Particle Detector Package,and a Three-band Transmitter to individually acquire the global eletromagnetic field,elec-tromagnetic waves,ionospheric plasma parameters as well as energetic particles.Up to now,CSES has been operating normally in orbit for 2 years.By using the various sensor data acquired by CSES,we have achieved scientfic research in the areas of the global geomagnetic field modeling,space weather,earthquake event analysis,the Lithosphere-Atmo-sphere-lonosphere coupling mechanism and so on.. | SHEN Xuhui ZEREN Zhima YUAN Shigeng DAI Jianping HUANG Jianping ZHU Xinghong YANG Yanyan YAN Rui ZHAO Shufan LIU Dapeng ZHANG Zhenxia WANG Qiao CHU Wei LU Hengxin XU Song GUO Feng TAN Qiao LI Wenjing ZHOU Na | 2020 | Aerospace China2020，21，1： | 2 |
| 8 | The first joint experimental results between SURA and CSES显示文摘In June 2018, for the first time, the SURA heating facility in Russia, together with the in-orbit China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite(CSES), carried out a series of experiments in emitting high frequency(HF) O-mode radio waves to disturb the ionosphere. This paper reports data from those experiments, collected onboard CSES, including electric field, in-situ plasma parameters, and energetic particle flux. Five cases are analyzed, two cases in local daytime and three in local nighttime. We find that the pumping wave frequencies f_0 in local daytime were close to the critical frequency of the F_2 layer f_oF_2, but no pumping waves were detected by the electric field detector(EFD) on CSES even when the emitted power reached 90 MW, and no obvious plasma disturbances were observed from CSES in those two daytime cases. But on June 16, there existed a spread F phenomena when f_0 was lower than f_oF_2 at that local daytime period.During the three cases in local nighttime, the pumping waves were clearly distinguished in the HF-band electric field at the emitted frequency with the emitted power only 30 MW; the power spectrum density of the electric field was larger by an order of magnitude than the normal background, with the propagating radius exceeding 200 km. Due to the small f_oF_2 over SURA in June at that local nighttime period, f_0 in these three cases were significantly higher than f_oF_2, all belonging to under-dense heating conditions. As for the plasma parameters, only an increase of about 100 K in ion temperature was observed on June 12; in the other two cases(with one orbit without plasma data on June 17), no obvious plasma disturbances were found. This first joint SURA-CSES experiment illustrates that the present orbit of CSES can cross quite close to the SURA facility, which can insure an effective heating time from SURA so that CSES can observe the perturbations at the topside ionosphere excited by SURA in the near region. The detection of plasma disturbances on June 12 with under-dense heating mode in local nighttime provides evidence for likely success of future related experiments between CSES and SURA,or with other HF facilities. | XueMin Zhang Vladimir Frolov ShuFan Zhao Chen Zhou YaLu Wang Alexander Ryabov DuLin Zhai | 2018 | Earth and Planetary Physics2018，2，6： | 2 |
| 9 | Stability validation on the VLF waveform data of the China-Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite显示文摘The China-Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite(CSES),which was launched in February 2018,carries the search coil magnetometer(SCM)and the electric field detector(EFD)to realize the high-resolution electromagnetic field and wave detection in the upper ionosphere.Due to the complexity and variability of the ionospheric environment,the stability of such a high sampling rate and high-precision electromagnetic field detection systems is always an essential link in data processing and the scientific application of CSES.This work evaluates the stability of the very-low-frequency(VLF)band detection by validating the systemic sampling-time differences between SCM and EFD in the VLF burst-mode observations.The optimal waveform data preprocessing method is put forward according to the noise levels of the VLF burst-mode observation and the inherent design characteristics of EFD.The VLF waveform data of EFD is rebuilt by filling the data gaps among the sampling sub-periods,making it with a similar sample length to SCM.Then by precisely intercepting the maximum and minimum values of the burst-mode waveforms,the variation of the sampling-time difference between EFD and SCM is statistically evaluated.Results show that during the three years'operation,the sampling-time difference between EFD and SCM predominately keeps below 0.5 s,indicating good stability of EFD and SCM on orbit.Then we developed an automatic synchronization tool based on the similarity function and STA/LTA(short time average over long time average)characteristic function.This tool can effectively realize the precise synchronization between SCM and EFD in the VLF burst-mode observation.This work is helpful to upgrade the data quality of CSES and provides technical support for electromagnetic wave propagation studies. | YANG DeHe ZHIMA ZeRen WANG Qiao HUANG JianPing WANG XiuYing ZHANG ZhenXia ZHAO ShuFan GUO Feng CHENG WanLi LU HengXin SHEN XuHui | 2022 | Science China(Technological Sciences)2022，65，12： | 1 |
| 10 | Current Status and Main Scientific Results of In-flight CSES Mission显示文摘The CSES(China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite)is the electromagnetism satellite of China’s Zhangheng mission which is planned to launch a series of microsatellites within next 10 years in order to monitor the electromagnetic environment,gravitational field.The CSES 01 probe(also called ZH-1)was launched successfully on 2 February 2018,from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Centre(China)and is expected to operate for 5 years in orbit.The second probe CSES 02 is going to be launched in 2022.The scientific objectives of CSES are to detect the electromagnetic field and waves,plasma and particles,for studying the seismic-associated disturbances.To meet the requirements of scientific objective,the satellite is designed to be in a sun-synchronous orbit with a high inclination of 97.4°at an altitude around 507 km.CSES carries nine scientific payloads including Search-coil magnetometer,Electric Field Detector,High precision Magnetometer,GNSS occultation Receiver,Plasma Analyzer,Langmuir Probe,two Energetic Particle Detectors(including an Italian one),and Tri-Band Transmitter.Up to now,CSES has been operating in orbit for 2 years with stable and reliable performance.By using all kinds of data acquired by CSES,we have undertaken a series of scientific researches in the field of global geomagnetic field re-building,the ionospheric variation environment,waves,and particle precipitations under disturbed space weather and earthquake activities,the Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere coupling mechanism research and so on. | SHEN Xuhui ZEREN Zhima HUANG Jianping YANG Yanyan ZHAO Shufan YAN Rui ZHANG Zhenxia LIU Dapeng WANG Qiao CHU Wei LU Hengxin XU Song GUO Feng TAN Qiao LI Wenjing ZHOU Na SONG Fuxi | 2020 | 空间科学学报2020，40，5： | 1 |
| 11 | Current Status and Main Scientific Outcomes of the CSES Mission显示文摘This report briefly introduces the current status of the CSES(China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite)mission which includes the first satellite CSES 01 in-orbit(launched in February 2018),and the second satellite CSES 02(will be launched in 2023)under development.The CSES 01 has been steadily operating in orbit for over four years,providing abundant global geophysical field data,including the background geomagnetic field,the electromagnetic field and wave,the plasma(in-situ and profile data),and the energetic particles in the ionosphere.The CSES 01 platform and the scientific instruments generally perform well.The data validation and calibration are vital for CSES 01,for it aims to monitor earthquakes by extracting the very weak seismic precursors from a relatively disturbing space electromagnetic environment.For this purpose,we are paying specific efforts to validate data quality comprehensively.From the CSES 01 observations,we have obtained many scientific results on the ionosphere electromagnetic environment,the seismo-ionospheric disturbance phenomena,the space weather process,and the Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere coupling mechanism. | ZEREN Zhima HUANG Jianping LIU Dapeng YANG Yanyan YAN Rui ZHAO Shufan ZHANG Zhenxia LIN Jian CUI Jing CHU Wei WANG Qiao LU Hengxin XU Song GUO Feng YANG Dehe ZHOU Na LIU Qinqin HUANG He WANG Jie TAN Qiao LI Wenjing LÜFangxian ZHU Keying SHEN Xuhui | 2022 | 空间科学学报2022，42，4： | 0 |
| 12 | Detecting seismic electromagnetic ELF anomalies associated with the 2010 Yushu earthquake in China by DEMETER observations and ELF Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere coupling propagating model显示文摘Over the last century,abnormal electromagnetic(EM)emissions associated with earthquake(EQ)activities have been widely reported and recorded by ground-based and satellite observations.However,the frequency at which abnormal EM emissions have been detected varies.In addition,whether low Earth orbit(LEO)satellites can detect EM anomalies from EQs remains controversial.In this paper,we take the Yushu earthquake as an example to address these concerns by DEMETER satellite observations and a newly constructed lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere model of extremely low frequency(ELF)wave propagation.The results illustrate that the frequency of ELF EM anomalies of the Yushu earthquake is mainly at 200–400 Hz.The observations and simulations illustrate that the power-frequency curve of the ELF EM wave from an underground source has a peak power frequency at 200–400 Hz,which is significantly different from the ELF EM wave radiated from the ground source. | LIAO Li ZHAO ShuFan SHEN XuHui ZEREN ZhiMa PENG HuaiYun LU HengXin | 2023 | Science China(Technological Sciences)2023，66，4： | 0 |
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