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| 1 | Influence of Panax ginseng Continuous Cropping on Metabolic Function of Soil Microbial Communities显示文摘Objective To investigate the influence of Panax ginseng continuous cropping on the carbon substrate metabolic activity of microbes in soils sampled from Dafang,Huangni,and Wulidi in Jilin Province,China.Methods Soil metabolisms of soil communities were characterized by community level physiological profiles using BIOLOGTM EcoPlate.Results Soils sampled from the three sites were analyzed and their metabolic activities were compared.Principal component analysis explored the significant variance in metabolic function of microbial communities in soils,though the Shannon index and the evenness index of them were similar.Futhermore,two principal components(PC1 and PC2),which contributed 67.83% and 10.78% of total variance,were extracted respectively.And also,substrates significantly correlated with PC1 and PC2 at the three sampling sites were identified.Conclusion Characteristic of soil is the primary factor influencing microbial communities,and P.ginseng continuous cropping has significant influence on microbial community.Though soil samples show similar microbial metabolic profiles,microbial communities in rhizosphere soil are changed obviously during the cultivation of P.ginseng,which would finally result in the unbalance of microbial community.Phytopathogens would gradually be the predominants in rhizosphere soil and make P.ginseng sick. | YING Yi-xin1,DING Wan-long1,ZHOU Ying-qun2,LI Yong1 1.Institute of Medicinal Plant Development,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College,Beijing 100193,China 2.China National Corporation of Traditional and Herbal Medicine,Beijing 100195,China | 2012 | Chinese Herbal Medicines2012，4，4： | 17 |
| 2 | Red ginseng and cancer treatment显示文摘The ginseng family,including Panax ginseng(Asian ginseng),Panax quinquefolius(American ginseng),and Panax notoginseng(notoginseng),is commonly used herbal medicine.White ginseng is prepared by air-drying after harvest,while red ginseng is prepared by a steaming or heating process.The anticancer activity of red ginseng is significantly increased,due to the production of active anticancer ginsenosides during the steaming treatment,compared with that of white ginseng.Thus far,anticancer studies have been mostly focused on Asian ginseng.In this article,we review the research progress made in the anticancer activities of red Asian ginseng,red American ginseng and red notoginseng.The major anticancer mechanisms of red ginseng compounds include cell cycle arrest,induction of apoptosis/paraptosis,and inhibition of angiogenesis.The structure-function relationship analysis has revealed that the protopanaxadiol group ginsenosides have more potent effects than the protopanaxatriol group.Sugar molecules in ginsenosides inversely impact the antiproliferative potential of these compounds.In addition,ginsenoside stereoselectivity and double bond position also influence the anticancer activity.Future studies should focus on characterizing active red ginseng derivatives as potential anticancer drugs. | WANG Chong-Zhi Samantha ANDERSON DU Wei HE Tong-Chuan YUAN Chun-Su | 2016 | Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines2016，14，1： | 17 |
| 3 | Effect of Korean red ginseng on blood pressure and nitric oxide production显示文摘AIM: To investigate the effect of crude saponin and non-saponin fraction of Korean red ginseng (KRG) on the blood pressure and nitric oxide (NO) production in the conscious rats and cultured endothelial cell line, ECV 304 cells. METHODS: Systolic blood pressure and heart rate were monitored in the conscious rats. Nitric oxide levels and the expression of nitric oxide synthase were measured by a spectrophotometric assay using Griess reagents and Western blotting, respectively. Nitric-oxide synthase activity was measured based on the conversion rate of [3H]arginine to [3H]citrulline. RESULTS: Systolic blood pressure was decreased by crude saponin (100 mg/kg, iv) of KRG in the conscious control and one-kidney, one-clip Goldblatt hypertensive (IK, 1C-GBH) rats. The hypotensive effect induced by crude saponin of KRG reached maximum at 2 - 4 min and slowly recovered after 20 min to the initial level in both groups. Crude saponin of KRG induced tachycardia in the conscious rats but induced bradycardia in the | JEON Byeong Hwa KIM Cuk Seong KIM Hoe-Suk PARK Jin-Bong NAM Ki Yeul CHANG Seok Jong | 2000 | Acta Pharmacologica Sinica2000，21，12： | 12 |
| 4 | Ginsenoside-Rg_6, a Novel Triterpenoid Saponin from the Stem-Leaves of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey.显示文摘A novel dammarane-type triterpene oligoglycoside, named ginsenoside-Rg6 3, was isolated from the stem-leaves of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey., together with two known ones, 20(S)-ginsenoside-Rg2 1 and 20(R)-ginsenoside-Rg2 2. On the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidence , the structure of ginsenoside-Rg6 have been elucidated as 6-O-(-L-rhamnosyl-(1?2)-(-D-glucopyranosyl-dammarane-(E)-20(22), 24-diene-3(, 6(, 12(-triol. | Xiu Wei YANG, Long Yun LI, Jian Ming TIAN, Zhi Wei ZHANG, Jin Mei YE, Wei Fang Gu (National Research Laboratory of Natural & Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100083) (Academy of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Materia Medica of Jilin Provinc | 2000 | Chinese Chemical Letters2000，11，10： | 12 |
| 5 | 林下参的栽培及管理技术显示文摘人参(Panax ginseng C.A.Mey)为珍贵中药材,具有极高的临床应用价值。在我国人参主要分布在东北地区。近年来由于野山参资源濒临枯竭,园参又不能满足品质需求,所以林下参作为一种仿野生人参应运而生。林下参种植是我国特有的栽培模式,且技术要求严格。本文系统的介绍了林下参栽培技术,包括林下参种植品种的选择、林下参种植地块选择、整地、备种、播种及采收等技术环节。 | 李想 范航 徐源 闫莉 刘玉军 | 2016 | 林业科技通讯2016，，9： | 10 |
| 6 | Study on Agricultural Intellectual Property Protection and High-Quality Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Ginseng显示文摘Agricultural intellectual property has the functions of carrying forward agricultural cultural heritage,encouraging agricultural scientific and technological innovation,cultivating the brand of agricultural products and so on. The protection and application of agricultural intellectual property rights can enhance the vitality,innovation and competitiveness of agricultural economy,and promote the strategy of high-quality agricultural development and rural revitalization. Ginseng is a traditional medicinal variety with superior characteristics in Northeast China,and it is one of the most famous ' three treasures' in Northeast China. This paper introduces ginseng( Panax ginseng C. A. Mey.) and its medicinal value,analyzes the traditional knowledge,biological genetic resources,new plant varieties,patents,geographical indications,trademarks and other agricultural intellectual property resources of ginseng,studies the traditional Chinese medicine GAP certification and certification of ' Three Agricultural Products' and the construction of the dominant area of agricultural product( Fusong ginseng) with Chinese characteristics,and explores the rural revitalization strategy and traditional Chinese medicine development strategy,ginseng agricultural intellectual property protection and high quality development strategy. | Yuanpeng SUN Zhe WU Xueqin SIMA Yanling SUN Zheng CHENG | 2019 | Asian Agricultural Research2019，11，6： | 7 |
| 7 | Colon cancer and the epidermal growth factor receptor:Current treatment paradigms,the importance of diet,and the role of chemoprevention显示文摘Colorectal cancer represents the third most common and the second deadliest type of cancer for both men and women in the United States claiming over 50000 lives in 2014. The 5-year survival rate for patients diagnosed with metastatic colon and rectal cancer is < 15%. Early detection and more effective treatments are urgently needed to reduce morbidity and mortality of patients afflicted with this disease. Here we will review the risk factors and current treatment paradigms for colorectal cancer, with an emphasis on the role of chemoprevention as they relate to epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR) blockade. We will discuss how various EGFR ligands are upregulated in the presence of Western diets high in saturated and N-6 polyunsaturated fats. We will also outline the various mechanisms of EGFR inhibition that are induced by naturally occurring chemopreventative agents such as ginseng, green tea, and curcumin. Finally, we will discuss the current role of targeted chemotherapy in colon cancer and outline the limitations of our current treatment options, describing mechanisms of resistance and escape. | Baldeep Pabla Marc Bissonnette Vani J Konda | 2015 | World Journal of Clinical Oncology2015，6，5： | 7 |
| 8 | Current Status and Problem-Solving Strategies for Ginseng Industry显示文摘Ginseng is a plant in the family Araliaceae and the genus Panax with the formal name of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer and the treasure of traditional herbal medicine resources as the 'king of herbs'. Ginseng has been traditionally used for over 2,000 years in Asian countries, especially in China and Republic of Korea. During the ginseng industry chain, the cultivation in farmland and seed breeding are important for sustainable development of ginseng resources. Active components in ginseng including ginsenosides, polysaccharides, phenolic compound and their therapeutic benefits for multiple diseases are being studied. This paper aimed to review current research status and problem-solving strategies for each step of ginseng industry, including ginseng growing cultivation and seed resources, basic and clinical studies as well as comparison of ginseng industry between China and Republic of Korea, hoping to provide a reference for research direction and future development of ginseng industry. | LI Xiang-yan SUN Li-wei ZHAO Da-qing | 2019 | Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine2019，25，12： | 5 |
| 9 | Korean red ginseng promotes hippocampal neurogenesis in mice显示文摘Neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus plays a major role in cognitive ability of animals including learning and memory.Korean red ginseng (KRG) has long been known as a medicinal herb with the potential to improve learning and memory;however,the mechanisms are still elusive.Therefore,we evaluated whether KRG can promote cognitive function and enhance neurogenesis in the hippocampus.Eight-week-old male C57BL/6 mice received 50 mg/kg of 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) intraperitoneally and 100 mg/kg of KRG or vehicle orally once a day for 14 days.Pole,Rotarod and Morris water maze tests were performed and the brains were collected after the last behavioral test.Changes in the numbers of BrdU- and BrdU/ doublecortin (DCX;a marker for neuronal precursor cells and immature neurons)-positive cells in the dentate gyrus and the gene expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (a marker for cell differentiation),cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor and ciliary neurotrophic factor in the hippocampus were then investigated.KRG-treated mice came down the pole significantly faster and stood on the rotarod longer than vehicle-treated mice.The Morris water maze test showed that KRG administration enhanced the learning and memory abilities significantly.KRG also significantly increased BrdU- and BrdU/DCX-positive cells in the dentate gyrus as well as the proliferating cell nuclear antigen,cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor and ciliary neurotrophic factor mRNA expression levels in the hippocampus compared to vehicle.Administration of KRG promotes learning and memory abilities,possibly by enhancing hippocampal neurogenesis.This study was approved by the Pusan National University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (approval No.PNU-2016-1071) on January 19,2016. | Sun Ryu Hyongjun Jeon Hee-Young Kim Sungtae Koo Seungtae Kim | 2020 | Neural Regeneration Research2020，15，5： | 4 |
| 10 | Enhancement of oral bioavailability and immune response of Ginsenoside Rh2 by co-administration with piperine显示文摘Ginsenoside Rh2(Rh2)is one of the major bioactive ginsenosides in Panax ginseng.However,the oral bioavailability of Rh2 is low,with P-glycoprotein(P-gp)and CYP3A4 being reported to be the main factors.The purpose of the present study was to determine the enhancing effect of piperine on the oral bioavailability as well as bioactivity of Rh2.The inhibitory effect of piperine on P-gp and CYP3A4 was determined using a Caco-2 monolayer model and a recombinant CYP3A4 metabolic system,respectively.The pharmacokinetics of oral Rh2(10 mg·kg^(-1))administered alone or in combination with piperine(10 and 20 mg·kg^(-1))was performed in rats.The immune boosting effect of Rh2 was assessed in rats by measuring IL-12 level after treated by Rh2 alone or co-administered with piperine.The results indicated that piperine significantly increased the permeability of Rh2 and inhibited the metabolism of Rh2.The pharmacokinetic study results showed that the AUC of Rh2 was significantly increased in combination with piperine at high dose(20 mg·kg^(-1))when compared to the control group,with relative bioavailability of 196.8%.The increase of Rh2 exposure led to increased serum levels of IL-12.In conclusion,piperine may be used as a bioenhancer to improve pharmacological effect of Rh2 when given orally. | JIN Zhao-Hui QIU Wen LIU Hui JIANG Xue-Hua WANG Ling | 2018 | Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines2018，16，2： | 4 |
| 11 | 土壤改良对平地栽参人参茎叶总皂苷含量的影响显示文摘以人参(Panax ginseng C.A.Mey)茎叶总皂苷为评价指标,研究平地栽参不同土壤改良的最优方案。试验以二次回归正交旋转设计为基本数学模型,研究玉米秸秆、猪粪、鹿粪、拮抗菌、菌糠5种基质的不同组合对人参茎叶总皂苷含量的影响。模型解析发现,在相同的栽培条件下,5种基质对人参茎叶总皂苷含量的贡献从大到小为猪粪、鹿粪、玉米秸秆、菌糠、拮抗菌。计算机模拟寻优表明,玉米秸秆施用量6.64kg/m2,猪粪施用量3.24 kg/m2,鹿粪施用量3.48 kg/m2,拮抗菌施用量6.87 g/m2,菌糠施用量7.02 kg/m2条件下,人参茎叶总皂苷含量预测值为17.81%。综上这些栽培因素的组合可以作为平地栽培人参的推荐方案。 | 尹敏晶 赵岩 张连学 | 2012 | 湖北农业科学2012，51，19： | 3 |
| 12 | Transcriptomics-based identification and characterization of 11 CYP450 genes of Panax ginseng responsive to MeJA显示文摘Cytochromes P450 (CYP450s),a superfamily of mono-oxygenases,are essential to generate highly functionalized secondary metabolites in plants and contribute to the diversification of specialized triterpenoid biosynthesis in eudicots.However,screening and identifying the exact CYP450 genes in ginsenoside biosynthesis is extremely challenging due to existence of large quantities of members in CYP450 superfamily.Therefore,to screen the CYP450 genes involved in ginsenoside bio- synthesis,transcriptome dataset of Panax ginseng was created in our previous work using the technique of the next-generation sequencing.On the basis of bioinformatics analysis,16 putative CYP450 genes with significant differential expression were screened from the dataset and submit- ted to GenBank,in which 11 of them have been cloned.Methyl jasmonate (MeJA)was used as an elicitor to analyze the expression profiles of candidate CYP450 genes by quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR).The results of qRT-PCR analysis revealed that the expression of some CYP450 genes were strongly induced by MeJA and showed different transcription levels at different treatment time points.Homology analysis indicated that each putative CYP450 protein of P.ginseng has a conserved domain consisting of E-E-R-F-P-R-G. The CYP450 genes were screened and cloned here to enrich the resources of CYP450 genes,and the results of bioinformatics analysis provided a foundation to further identify the function of CYP450s involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis.Furthermore,this study facilitated the construction of microbial cell factories for increasing the production of ginsenosides by means of metabolic engineering. | Xu Zeng Tiao Luo Jijia Li Gui Li Donghua Zhou Tuo Liu Xian Zou Aparna Pandey Zhiyong Luo | 2018 | Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica2018，50，11： | 2 |
| 13 | Anti-obesity Effects of Ginsenosides in High-Fat Diet-Fed Rats显示文摘Objective: To examine the anti-obesity effects of ginsenosides in Korea Red Ginseng(KRG, Panax ginseng) in rats fed with a high-fat diet(HFD). Methods: Twenty-five 4-week-old obesity rats after receiving an HFD for 5 weeks;subsequently, they were additionally treated with ginsenosides Rb1, Rd, Rg1, or Re(10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection) for a further 3 weeks(n=5 in each group). The control rats were fed a normal diet. The food consumption, body weight, locomotor activity, serum lipids, adipose tissues, nitric oxide(NO) expression, leptin, neuropeptide Y(NPY), cholecystokinin(CCK) in the brains were measured. Results: In the HFD-fed rats, body weight, body fat mass, serum levels of leptin and NO were significantly higher than in the control rats(P<0.05 or P<0.01). However, the treatment of Rd, Re, and Rb1 markedly decreased body fat mass and body weight(P<0.05). The serum level of leptin and NO in ginsenoside-treated rats were markedly lower than the control group(P<0.01). The expression of NPY and CCK in the hypothalamic nuclei showed insignificant difference among groups. However, the expression of NPY immunoreactive neurons in the hypothalamus was significantly reduced in the Rb1-treated group(P<0.05). Conclusion: PD-type ginsenoside Rb1 from the crude saponins of KRG may be a useful compound for the treatment of obesity and related disorders through the modulation of peripheral and central appetite-regulating signals. | Hyun-Jung Park Ji Hyun Kim Insop Shim | 2019 | Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine2019，25，12： | 2 |
| 14 | Use of Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking to Investigate the Mechanism by Which Ginseng Ameliorates Hypoxia显示文摘Hypoxia is a common pathological process in various clinical diseases and is characterized by abnormal changes in metabolism,function,and morphological structure of tissues resulting from insufficient oxygen supply or oxygen barriers in tissues.In particular,hypoxia in vital organs such as the brain and heart is an important cause of death[1].The prevention of tissue hypoxia and the treatment of hypoxia-induced tissue damage are urgent issues. | WANG Tao LI Hao Tian WEI Shi Zhang CAI Hua Dan ZHU Yun LIU Hong Hong LI Yong Zhi WANG Jia Ping ZOU Wen Jun ZHAO Yan Ling | 2018 | Biomedical and Environmental Sciences2018，31，11： | 2 |
| 15 | Extraction and verification of miRNA from ginseng decoction显示文摘Objective: To verify the existence of microRNAs(miRNAs) extracted from fresh ginseng decoction.Methods: Fresh ginseng was prepared into decoction according to the conventional method. The miRNA were extracted from the condensed ginseng decoction by plant microRNA extraction kit. Then miRNA were treated by DNase I and subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis and Agilent 2100 bioanalysis. Mi R-159 and mi R-6135, which were highly expressed in ginseng, were selected and verified by real-time quantitative PCR to detect the expression in the decoction.Results: Ginseng miRNA were successfully extracted from fresh decoction. Mi R-159 and mi R-6135 were expressed in fresh decoction with lower levels than those of fresh ginseng.Conclusion: miRNAs stably existed after processing, and retained some stability after high-temperature treatment. The findings provide a valuables basis for the further studies on ginseng miRNAs. | Ying-fang Wang Wen-juan Wang Yan-lin Chen Zhi-hua He Jing-jing Cao Ze-min Yang Meng-juan Gong Yong-qin Yin | 2018 | Chinese Herbal Medicines2018，10，3： | 2 |
| 16 | 长白山区人参根际土壤微生物多样性分析显示文摘用PCR-DGGE方法,分析长白山区人参根际土壤微生物的群落结构及多样性。以三年生、五年生的人参根际土壤及无参地土壤为材料,对PCR反应条件、DGGE中凝胶单体、变性剂浓度进行了优化,并对真菌3套引物进行了对比分析,得出细菌16 S rDNA V3区引物314 F-GC/518 R、8%凝胶单体、60%~40%变性剂DGGE分离效果较好;真菌ITS区引物,12%凝胶单体、60%变性剂,6%凝胶单体、40%变性剂搭配效果最佳。用该反应体系扩增出来的PCR产物,在DGGE凝胶上能够清晰地分辨出人参根际土壤细菌和真菌的多样性,由此分析出细菌、真菌的群落结构都存在明显差异。此方法简便快捷,为进一步研究人参根际土壤微生物奠定了基础。 | 杨阳 金东淳 于小梅 唐丽娜 | 2014 | 江苏农业科学2014，42，6： | 2 |
| 17 | Effects of Raphani Semen on anti-fatigue and pharmacokinetics of Panax ginseng显示文摘Objective: To explain the phenomenon that Panax ginseng is not compatible with Raphani Semen based on pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics.Methods: The forced swimming time and biochemical parameters such as blood lactate(BLA), serum urea nitrogen(SUN), and hepatic glycogen(GLU) were determined for anti-fatigue experiment. The UPLCMS/MS was used to analyze the pharmacokinetics of Rg1, Re, Rb1, and Rd after orally administration of P. ginseng and P. ginseng combined with Raphani Semen to rats. Pharmacokinetic differences of four ginsenosides between single uses of P. ginseng and combined with Raphani Semen were investigated.Results: The results showed that Raphani Semen tended to significantly reduce the anti-fatigue activity of P. ginseng. Co-administration of P. ginseng and Raphani Semen had significant effects on the pharmacokinetics of the four ginsenosides in rats compared to that observed with P. ginseng extract alone. The AUC0–12 hvalues of the four ginsenosides in PG group were higher than the corresponding values in the PR group. It can be inferred that Raphani Semen decreased the blood exposure of the four ginsenosides in rats when it combined with P. ginseng.Conclusion: The anti-fatigue activity and pharmacokinetic results showed that Raphani Semen may reduce the pharmacological actions of P. ginseng. | Jian-bo Chen Mei-jia Li Li-xue Chen Yin-shi Sun | 2019 | Chinese Herbal Medicines2019，11，3： | 2 |
| 18 | 人参生长年限与海拔高度对栽培人参土壤中大量元素的影响显示文摘[目的]研究海拔与生长时间对栽培人参土壤中大量元素的影响。[方法]采集我国人参主产地长白山地区不同人参生长时间、不同海拔的人参土壤,测量其大量元素和微量元素的含量,并研究变化规律。[结果]相同参龄条件下,土壤中大量元素pH值、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾整体随着海拔高度的增加而变化,不同参龄土壤,大量元素含量整体随着参龄年限的增长而变化,其中土壤pH值随着参龄的增长有变小的趋势。[结论]不同海拔与生长时间对人参大量元素均有影响。 | 张可 赵岩 张连学 | 2012 | 安徽农业科学2012，40，22： | 1 |
| 19 | Feasibility Study on Soilless Cultivation of Organic Ginseng显示文摘Based on the present situation and problems concerning ginseng cultivation as well as soilless cultivation features,we analyze the growth indicators and input-output ratio of different ginseng cultivation patterns,and conform that the soilless cultivation technology for organic ginseng is feasible. And this technology provides theoretical basis and technological feasibility for the sustainable development of ginseng industry. | Yuji JIN Hongyan ZHAO Xiangguo LI Renzhe PIAO | 2015 | Asian Agricultural Research2015，7，12： | 1 |
| 20 | A New Dammarane Glycoside, Ginsenoside Ⅲ from the Flower-buds of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer显示文摘From the dried flower-buds of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, a new ndnor dammaranetype triterpene saponin named ginsenoside III was iso1ated. On the basis of spectral and chemical evidence, the structure of the new saponin was elucidated as 3 -O- [β-D -glucopyranosyl (1→2 ) - βD- glucopyranosyl] - 20-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl 3 β, 12β- 20(S) -trihydroxydammar- 25 - en- 24-one. | Feng QIU Zhong Ze MA Yu Ping PEI Sui Xu XU Xin Sheng YAO Ying Jie CHEN Zhen Tao CHE(Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110015)(The Hongkong University of Science & Technology, Hong Kong) | 1998 | Chinese Chemical Letters1998，9，7： | 1 |
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