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1Structure of the African swine fever virus major capsid protein p72显示文摘Dear Editor,African swine fever(ASF)caused by the African swine fever virus(ASFV)infection is a highly contagious and lethal disease of domestic pigs.Recent spread of the virus to China,1 the biggest pork-consuming country,has caused huge economic loss.So far there is no effective way to prevent the spread of the virus.Vaccine for protection from ASFV infection or effective treatments to cure ASF is urgently needed.Qi Liu Bingting Ma Nianchao Qian Fan Zhang Xu Tan Jianlin Lei Ye Xiang 2019Cell Research2019,29,11:28
2An Epidemic of Hepatitis A--Liaoning Province,2020显示文摘What is already known about this topic?Hepatitis A(HA)is caused by acute hepatitis A virus(HAV)infection and was once very common in China.Following the 2008 introduction of the HA vaccine into the national Expanded Program on Immunization(EPI),the incidence of reported HA in China decreased markedly.However,HA epidemics still occur in Liaoning Province every 3–5 years,although with far fewer cases than in the pre-HA-vaccination era.What is added by this report?Between January 1,2020 and March 18,2020,the number of reported cases of HA in Dalian and Dandong cities of Liaoning Province increased significantly compared with the same period in previous years.All cases were sporadic,and cases were seen in nearly every township.The increase in HA occurred one month after local fresh seafood became available with most cases being among adults.A casecontrol study showed that consuming raw or undercooked seafood,clams,snapping shrimp,and oysters were significantly associated with the increase in HA.What are the implications for public health practices?Strengthening health education for residents to avoid consumption of raw seafood and encouraging HAV vaccination of adults aged 20 to 54 years are important to prevent periodic HAV endemic outbreaks.Further multisectoral cooperation must be emphasized on HA surveillance in areas with a high prevalence of HA.Jing Sun Yuanqiu Li Xing Fang Yan Wang Yinan Han Yang Liu Jingyuan Cao Wenting Zhou Hui Zheng Wenqing Yao 2020China CDC weekly2020,2,30:7
3Structural Engineering of Eu^2+-Doped Silicates Phosphors for LED Applications显示文摘CONSPECTUS:Phosphor-converted light-emitting diodes(pc-LEDs)are of great importance for their applications in solid-state lighting,backlit display,and near-infrared detection light source.Herein,the main challenges for these emergent pc-LEDs are to achieve full-spectrum lighting,wide color gamut display and broadband high efficiency near-infrared emission,respectively,which depends on the luminescence properties of phosphors used.Owing to the unique 4f-5d transition,Eu^2+is one of the most commonly used activators in luminescent materials for pc-LEDs,and Eu^2+-doped earth-abundant silicates phosphors exhibit outstanding luminescence properties,including multicolor emission,adjustable bandwidth,excellent thermal stability as well as high luminescence efficiency.These attributes motivate scientists to find Eu^2+-doped silicates phosphors that can practically meet the various LED application requirements.Since the traditional trial and error exploration is time-consuming and not necessarily successful,it is necessary to find reliable structural engineering strategies to discover new phosphor systems and also realize purposeful photoluminescence tuning.The adjustable 4f-5d electronic transitions of Eu^2+,the variable crystal structures of the silicate hosts and their coupling effect simultaneously account for the targeted luminescence behaviors and their precise emission color tuning.Thus,we aim at developing Eu^2+-doped silicate phosphors that can solve the application challenges through a comprehensive understanding of Eu^2+photoluminescence mechanism and the structure−property relationships.In this Account,we first illustrate the luminescence theory of Eu^2+in inorganic solids and summarize the research results of the effect originated from centroid shift,crystal field splitting,Stokes shift,and emission bandwidth.On the basis of the factors dominating the variation of luminescence characteristics,several structural strategies to manipulate Eu^2+emission in silicates are proposed,including(1)modify the chemical composition and crystal structure by various substitutions,(2)choose or change a suitable crystallographic site for Eu^2+and(3)control crystalline phase transition by external factors.Meanwhile,we briefly introduce the photoluminescence behaviors of Eu^2+in different silicates controlled by these structural engineering strategies.Second,we outline our recent research progress on blue LED pumped Eu^2+-doped silicate phosphors with emphasis on the design principle and the relationship between the structure and luminescence.The state-of-the-art LED application including full spectrum solid-state lighting,wide color gamut display and near-infrared night-vision technologies are introduced.Finally,we proposed the future research opportunities and challenges.The development of these Eu^2+-doped silicate phosphors exhibiting excellent luminescence performance is highly inspiring,and we expect this Account can be helpful for controlling the photoluminescence by theory-structure−property relationships and guide scientists discover the next generation of Eu^2+-doped phosphors for emerging applications.Ming Zhao Qinyuan Zhang Zhiguo Xia 2020Accounts of Materials Research2020,1,2:7
4Lipid nanoparticle-encapsulated mRNA antibody provides longterm protection against SARS-CoV-2 in mice and hamsters显示文摘Monoclonal antibodies represent important weapons in our arsenal to against the CO VID-19 pandemic.However,this potential is severely limited by the time-consuming process of developing effective antibodies and the relative high cost of manufacturing.Herein,we present a rapid and cost-effective lipid nanoparticle(LNP)encapsulated-mRNA platform for in vivo delivery of SARS-CoV-2 neutralization antibodies.Two mRNAs encoding the light and heavy chains of a potent SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody HB27,which is currently being evaluated in clinical trials,were encapsulated into clinical grade LNP formulations(named as mRNA-HB27-LNP).I n vivo characterizatio n dem on strated that intravenous administratio n of mRNA-HB27-LNP in mice resulted in a longer circulating half-life compared with the original HB27 antibody in protein format.More importantly,a single prophylactic administration of mRNA-HB27-LNP provided protection against SARS-CoV-2 challenge in mice at 1,7 and even 63 days post administration.In a close contact transmission model,prophylactic administration of mRNA-HB27-LNP prevented SARS-CoV-2 in fecti on betwee n hamsters in a dose-depende nt mariner.Overall,our results dem on strate a superior Ion g-term protect!on agai nst SARS-CoV-2 conferred by a single administration of this unique mRNA antibody,highlight!ng the potential of this universal platform for antibody-based disease prevention and therapy against COVID-19 as well as a variety of other infectious diseases.Yong-Qiang Deng Na-Na Zhang Yi-Fei Zhang Xia Zhong Sue Xu Hong-Ying Qiu Tie-Cheng Wang Hui Zhao Chao Zhou Shu-Long Zu Qi Chen Tian-Shu Cao Qing Ye Hang Chi Xiang-Hui Duan Dan-Dan Lin Xiao-Jing Zhang Liang-Zhi Xie Yu-Wei Gao Bo Ying Cheng-Feng Qin 2022Cell Research2022,32,4:5
5A Foodborne Bongkrekic Acid Poisoning Incident--Heilongjiang Province,2020显示文摘What is already known on this topic?Poisoning incidents caused by bongkrekic acid(BA),one of the metabolites of Burkholderia gladioli pathovar cocovenenans(B.cocovenenans),have been reported in Indonesia,Mozambique,and China.The reported case fatality rates averaged 60%,32%,and 26.5%,respectively.In China,B.cocovenenans is often called Pseudomonas cocovenenans subsp.farinofermentans.What is added by this report?In October 2020,9 persons in Jidong County,Heilongjiang Province died after consuming a homemade fermented corn flour product—sour soup—with a case fatality rate of 100%.BA was detected in both food samples and biological samples with a content of 330 mg/kg and 3 mg/L,respectively.The doses of BA consumed by the cases were approximately 22-33 times the lethal dose in human.What are the implications for public health practice?The consumption of fermented corn flour products,deteriorated fresh tremella,or black fungus and metamorphic starch products may cause BA poisoning.Health education should be strengthened so that homemade-starch-fermented food should be avoided and foods that have been kept for a long time should not be consumed.Meanwhile,training and emergency capacity building for primary healthcare workers should be strengthened to provide timely diagnosis and response.Yuan Yuan Rui Gao Qiang Liang Li Song Jun Huang Nan Lang Jing Zhou 2020China CDC weekly2020,2,51:5
6Associations of tea consumption with blood pressure progression and hypertension incidence显示文摘BACKGROUND Association between tea consumption and incident hypertension remains uncertain.This study conducted to examine the health effects of tea consumption on blood pressure progression and hypertension incidence.METHODS A population-based cohort of 38,913 Chinese participants without hypertension at baseline were included in the current study.Information on tea consumption was collected through standardized questionnaires.Associations of tea consump-tion with blood pressure progression and incident hypertension were analyzed using logistic regression models and Cox propor-tional hazards regression models,respectively.RESULTS During a median follow-up of 5.9 years,17,657 individuals had experienced progression to a higher blood pressure stage and 5,935 individuals had developed hypertension.In multivariate analyses,habitual tea drinkers(≥3 times/week for at least six months)had a 17%lower risk for blood pressure progression[odds ratio(OR)=0.83,95%CI:0.79-0.88]and a 14%de-creased risk for incident hypertension[hazard ratio(HR)=0.86,95%CI:0.80-0.91]compared with non-habitual tea drinkers.In-dividuals in different baseline blood pressure groups could obtain similar benefit from habitual tea drinking.In terms of tea con-sumption amount,an inverse,linear dose-response relation between monthly consumption of tea leaves and risk of blood pres-sure progression was observed,while the risk of incident hypertension did not reduce further after consuming around 100 g of tea leaves per month.CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that habitual tea consumption could provide preventive effect against blood pres-sure progression and hypertension incidence.Xiao-Ge NIU Can CAI Fang-Chao LIU Jian-Xin LI Ke-Yong HUANG Xue-Li YANG Jie CAO Shu-Feng CHEN Hong-Fan LI Chong SHEN Ying-Xin ZHAO Dong-Sheng HU Shu-Jun GU Jian-Feng HUANG Xiang-Feng LU Dong-Feng GU 2021Journal of Geriatric Cardiology2021,18,8:4
7Easy domain adaptation method for filling the species gap in deep learning-based fruit detection显示文摘Fruit detection and counting are essential tasks for horticulture research.With computer vision technology development,fruit detection techniques based on deep learning have been widely used in modern orchards.However,most deep learning-based fruit detection models are generated based on fully supervised approaches,which means a model trained with one domain species may not be transferred to another.There is always a need to recreate and label the relevant training dataset,but such a procedure is time-consuming and labor-intensive.This paper proposed a domain adaptation method that can transfer an existing model trained from one domain to a new domain without extra manual labeling.The method includes three main steps:transform the source fruit image(with labeled information)into the target fruit image(without labeled information)through the CycleGAN network;Automatically label the target fruit image by a pseudo-label process;Improve the labeling accuracy by a pseudo-label self-learning approach.Use a labeled orange image dataset as the source domain,unlabeled apple and tomato image dataset as the target domain,the performance of the proposed method from the perspective of fruit detection has been evaluated.Without manual labeling for target domain image,the mean average precision reached 87.5%for apple detection and 76.9%for tomato detection,which shows that the proposed method can potentially fill the species gap in deep learning-based fruit detection.Wenli Zhang Kaizhen Chen Jiaqi Wang Yun Shi Wei Guo 2021Horticulture Research2021,8,1:2
83D Printed Ultrastretchable,Hyper-Antifreezing Conductive Hydrogel for Sensitive Motion and Electrophysiological Signal Monitoring显示文摘Conductive hydrogels with high stretchability can extend their applications as a flexible electrode in electronics,biomedicine,human-machine interfaces,and sensors.However,their time-consuming fabrication and narrow ranges of working temperature and working voltage severely limit their further potential applications.Herein,a conductive nanocomposite network hydrogel fabricated by projection microstereolithography(PμSL)based 3D printing is proposed,enabling fast fabrication ability with high precision.The 3D printed hydrogels exhibit ultra-stretchability(2500%),hyper-antifreezing(-125℃),extremely low working voltage(<100μV),and super cyclic tensile stability(1 million cycles).The hydrogel-based strain sensor can probe both large-scale and tiny human motions,even with ultralow voltage of 100μV at extremely low temperature around-115℃.It is demonstrated that the present hydrogels can be used as a flexible electrode for capturing human electrophysiological signals(EOG and EEG),where the alpha and beta waves from the brain can be recorded precisely.Therefore,the present hydrogels will pave the way for the development of next-generation intelligent electronics,especially for those working under extremely lowtemperature environments.Zhaolong Wang Lei Chen Yiqin Chen Peng Liu Huigao Duan Ping Cheng 2020Research2020,,1:2
9A Case Study of Applying Metagenomic Sequencing in Precise Epidemiology for the COVID-19 Pandemic-Sichuan Province, China, 2020显示文摘Introduction:Determining the transmission chain of a virus in its incipient stages is extremely time consuming in traditional approaches that rely mainly on case incidence and interview-based contact data.With the development of high-throughput sequencing technology,genome-based epidemiology approach is showing promise in detecting viral transmission.However,there is still insufficient evidence for the relationship between the viral genetic variations and real viral transmission.Methods:To explore the possible relationship between transmission chains and viral genetic variations,we combined both epidemiological data and viral genomes of COVID-19 virus collected from Sichuan Province.A phylogenetic approach was used to infer the transmission chain,which was then compared to the transmission chain that came from epidemiological data.Results:We found that the putative transmission chains were highly concordant to the true transmission chains from epidemiological data,suggesting a strong correlation between viral genetic variations and the viral transmission chain.Discussion:Our results showed advantages of viral genomic sequencing in tracking and perceiving pathogen transmission,which allowed for potential improvements in the design and implementation of population-level public health interventions.Jianan Xu Ye Wang You Li Huiping Yang Ming Pan Jian Liu Lina Shi Yuliang Feng Li Liu Jin Li Li Zhang Shusen He 2020China CDC weekly2020,2,47:2
10Uncertainty quantification and reduction in metal additive manufacturing显示文摘Uncertainty quantification(UQ)in metal additive manufacturing(AM)has attracted tremendous interest in order to dramatically improve product reliability.Model-based UQ,which relies on the validity of a computational model,has been widely explored as a potential substitute for the time-consuming and expensive UQ solely based on experiments.However,its adoption in the practical AM process requires overcoming two main challenges:(1)the inaccurate knowledge of uncertainty sources and(2)the intrinsic uncertainty associated with the computational model.Here,we propose a data-driven framework to tackle these two challenges by combining high throughput physical/surrogate model simulations and the AM-Bench experimental data from the National Institute of Standards and Technology(NIST).We first construct a surrogate model,based on high throughput physical simulations,for predicting the three-dimensional(3D)melt pool geometry and its uncertainty with respect to AM parameters and uncertainty sources.We then employ a sequential Bayesian calibration method to perform experimental parameter calibration and model correction to significantly improve the validity of the 3D melt pool surrogate model.The application of the calibrated melt pool model to UQ of the porosity level,an important quality factor,of AM parts,demonstrates its potential use in AM quality control.The proposed UQ framework can be generally applicable to different AM processes,representing a significant advance toward physicsbased quality control of AM products.Zhuo Wang Chen Jiang Pengwei Liu Wenhua Yang Ying Zhao Mark F.Horstemeyer Long-Qing Chen Zhen Hu Lei Chen 2020npj Computational Materials2020,,1:2
11Predicting the Loading Capability of mPEG-PDLLA to Hydrophobic Drugs Using Solubility Parameterst显示文摘Physical encapsulation of drugs into polymer micelles is a common method of loading hydrophobic drugs.Methoxy polyethylene glycol-poly(D,L.-lactide)(mPEG-PDLLA)is one of the most commonly used drug carrier.At present,whether a carrier is suitable for the loading of a certain drug is determined by drug loading experiments.This process costs a lot of time.Therefore,an efficient predicting method to avoid time-consuming tests is critical.In this study,we prepared mPEG5k-PDLLA5k and used it to load a series of drugs.Three parameters were used to test the miscibility of mPEG5k-PDLLA5k with drugs,including absolute difference in Hildebrand solubility parameters(|△δ|),Flory-Huggins interaction parameter(x)and the distance(D value)calculated from the two-dimensional solubility parameters.We found the two-dimensional solubility parameters obtained from JB2013 group contribution(GC)method was useful.By comparing the drug loading content(DLC)with the D value,we found that when the D value was less than 5.0(MJ/m3)1/2,the miscibility of drug and mPEGSk-PDLLASk was good and drug loading capability was high;when the D value was more than 8.0(MJ/m3)1/2,the drug was barely loaded.Thus,this work provided a rationale to qualitatively predict the loading capability of mPEGSk-PDLLA5k for hydrophobic drugs.Jiali Sun Qi Wei Na Shen Zhaohui Tang Xuesi Chen 2020Chinese Journal of Chemistry2020,38,7:2
12Mg-Based Micromotors with Motion Responsive to Dual Stimuli显示文摘Mg-based micromotors have emerged as an extremely attractive artificial micro/nanodevice,but suffered from uncontrollable propulsion and limited motion lifetime,restricting the fulfillment of complex tasks.Here,we have demonstrated Mg-based micromotors composed of Mg microspheres asymmetrically coated with Pt and temperature-sensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)(PNIPAM)hydrogel layers in sequence.They can implement different motion behaviors stemming from the driving mechanism transformation when encountering catalyzed substrates such as H_(2)O_(2) and respond to both H_(2)O_(2) concentration and temperature in aqueous environment.The as-constructed Mg-based micromotors are self-propelled by Pt-catalyzed H_(2)O_(2) decomposition following the self-consuming Mg-H_(2)O reaction.In this case,they could further generate bilateral bubbles and thus demonstrate unique self-limitation motion like hovering when the phase transformation of PNIPAM is triggered by decreasing temperature or when the H_(2)O_(2) concentration after permeating across the PNIPAM hydrogel layer is high enough to facilitate bubble nucleation.Our work for the first time provides a stimuli-induced“hovering”strategy for self-propelled micromotors,which endows Mg-based micromotors with an intelligent response to the surroundings besides the significant extension of their motion lifetime.Kang Xiong Leilei Xu Jinwei Lin Fangzhi Mou Jianguo Guan 2020Research2020,,1:2
13The Influencing Factors and Inter-Group Differences for Urban Residents' Behavior of Consuming Edible Vegetable Oil显示文摘To clarify the determinant factors and inter-group differences of Chinese urban residents' edible vegetable oil consuming behavior is very important for us to understand their consumption features of edible vegetable oil,so as to guide their consuming behavior and improve China's vegetable oil industry security.In this article,urban residents of China's three traditional vegetable oil main production areas have been chosen as study objects,and multiple linear regression and one-way ANOVA have been used to do empirical analysis on the determinant factors and inter-group differences of their edible vegetable oil consuming behavior.The results indicate that the edible vegetable oil consuming behavior of urban residents from China's three traditional vegetable oil main production areas show a trend of diversification;' publicity measures',' preference evaluation',' personal characteristics' and ' family characteristics' remarkably affect urban residents' edible vegetable oil consuming behavior and show obvious provincial characteristics.In addition,urban residents from different groups show differences in terms of ' publicity measures' and ' preference evaluation'.Qi WU Wenjie MA 2016Asian Agricultural Research2016,8,4:1
14Three Reasons Stimulating Growth of China's Cross-border E-Commerce显示文摘As more and more Chinese customers buy overseas proucts such as luxuries,brand ame cosmetics,maternal and infant products,and health care products through purchasing agents,now the vigorous cross-border e-commerce shows that Chinese customers have strong consuming demands for overseas products.Guo Yan 2015China's Foreign Trade2015,,2:1
15Single-step-fabricated disordered metasurfaces for enhanced light extraction from LEDs显示文摘While total internal reflection(TIR)lays the foundation for many important applications,foremost fibre optics that revolutionised information technologies,it is undesirable in some other applications such as light-emitting diodes(LEDs),which are a backbone for energy-efficient light sources.In the case of LEDs,TIR prevents photons from escaping the constituent high-index materials.Advances in material science have led to good efficiencies in generating photons from electron–hole pairs,making light extraction the bottleneck of the overall efficiency of LEDs.In recent years,the extraction efficiency has been improved,using nanostructures at the semiconductor/air interface that outcouple trapped photons to the outside continuum.However,the design of geometrical features for light extraction with sizes comparable to or smaller than the optical wavelength always requires sophisticated and timeconsuming fabrication,which causes a gap between lab demonstration and industrial-level applications.Inspired by lightning bugs,we propose and realise a disordered metasurface for light extraction throughout the visible spectrum,achieved with single-step fabrication.By applying such a cost-effective light extraction layer,we improve the external quantum efficiency by a factor of 1.65 for commercialised GaN LEDs,demonstrating a substantial potential for global energy-saving and sustainability.Peng Mao Changxu Liu Xiyan Li Mengxia Liu Qiang Chen Min Han Stefan A.Maier Edward H.Sargent Shuang Zhang 2021Light(Science & Applications)2021,10,10:1
16Machine learning powered ellipsometry显示文摘Ellipsometry is a powerful method for determining both the optical constants and thickness of thin films.For decades,solutions to ill-posed inverse ellipsometric problems require substantial human-expert intervention and have become essentially human-in-the-loop trial-and-error processes that are not only tedious and time-consuming but also limit the applicability of ellipsometry.Here,we demonstrate a machine learning based approach for solving ellipsometric problems in an unambiguous and fully automatic manner while showing superior performance.The proposed approach is experimentally validated by using a broad range of films covering categories of metals,semiconductors,and dielectrics.This method is compatible with existing ellipsometers and paves the way for realizing the automatic,rapid,high-throughput optical characterization of films.Jinchao Liu Di Zhang Dianqiang Yu Mengxin Ren Jingjun Xu 2021Light(Science & Applications)2021,10,4:1
17Classification of Soybean Pubescence from Multispectral Aerial Imagery显示文摘The accurate determination of soybean pubescence is essential for plant breeding programs and cultivar registration.Currently,soybean pubescence is classified visually,which is a labor-intensive and time-consuming activity.Additionally,the three classes of phenotypes(tawny,light tawny,and gray)may be difficult to visually distinguish,especially the light tawny class where misclassification with tawny frequently occurs.The objectives of this study were to solve both the throughput and accuracy issues in the plant breeding workflow,develop a set of indices for distinguishing pubescence classes,and test a machine learning(ML)classification approach.A principal component analysis(PCA)on hyperspectral soybean plot data identified clusters related to pubescence classes,while a Jeffries-Matusita distance analysis indicated that all bands were important for pubescence class separability.Aerial images from 2018,2019,and 2020 were analyzed in this study.A 60-plot test(2019)of genotypes with known pubescence was used as reference data,while whole-field images from 2018,2019,and 2020 were used to examine the broad applicability of the classification methodology.Two indices,a red/blue ratio and blue normalized difference vegetation index(blue NDVI),were effective at differentiating tawny and gray pubescence types in high-resolution imagery.A ML approach using a support vector machine(SVM)radial basis function(RBF)classifier was able to differentiate the gray and tawny types(83.1%accuracy and kappa=0:740 on a pixel basis)on images where reference training data was present.The tested indices and ML model did not generalize across years to imagery that did not contain the reference training panel,indicating limitations of using aerial imagery for pubescence classification in some environmental conditions.High-throughput classification of gray and tawny pubescence types is possible using aerial imagery,but light tawny soybeans remain difficult to classify and may require training data from each field season.Robert W.Bruce Istvan Rajcan John Sulik 2021Plant Phenomics2021,3,1:1
18Hyperactive learning for data-driven interatomic potentials显示文摘Data-driven interatomic potentials have emerged as a powerful tool for approximating ab initio potential energy surfaces.The most time-consuming step in creating these interatomic potentials is typically the generation of a suitable training database.To aid this process hyperactive learning(HAL),an accelerated active learning scheme,is presented as a method for rapid automated training database assembly.HAL adds a biasing term to a physically motivated sampler(e.g.molecular dynamics)driving atomic structures towards uncertainty in turn generating unseen or valuable training configurations.The proposed HAL framework is used to develop atomic cluster expansion(ACE)interatomic potentials for the AlSi10 alloy and polyethylene glycol(PEG)polymer starting from roughly a dozen initial configurations.The HAL generated ACE potentials are shown to be able to determine macroscopic properties,such as melting temperature and density,with close to experimental accuracy.Cas van der Oord Matthias Sachs Dávid Péter Kovács Christoph Ortner Gábor Csányi 2023npj Computational Materials2023,,1:1
19Removal of inorganic arsenic from water using metal organic frameworks显示文摘It has been estimated that between 94 million and 220 million people around the world are at risk of consuming drinking water that contain arsenic concentrations higher than 10μg/L(Podgorski and Berg,2020).Tetiana Davydiuk Xiaojian Chen Lijin Huang Qin Shuai X.Chris Le 2020Journal of Environmental Sciences2020,32,11:1
20A study of computations for acoustic velocities of arbitrarily dipping layers显示文摘Through deriving expressions relating the dip-angle((?)_m)ofthe lower boundary of a layer to the acoustic velocity (v_m) of the layerand other pre-determinable parameters,v_m and (?)_m can be taken assimultaneously iterative variables while solving Shah‘s equations.Consequently the previous method of computing v_m and (?)_m presented byZHANG S.is improved,and the accuracy of solutions increasedgreatly.ZHANG Yue ZHANG Shuying(Institute of Acoustics , Academia Sinica ) 1991Chinese Journal of Acoustics1991,10,2:1
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