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| 1 | Analyses on the tectonic thermal evolution and influence factors in the deep-water Qiongdongnan Basin显示文摘To reveal the tectonic thermal evolution and influence factors on the present heat flow distribution, based on 154 heat flow data, the present heat flow distribution features of the main tectonic units are first analyzed in detail, then the tectonic thermal evolution histories of 20 profiles are reestablished crossing the main deep-water sags with a structural, thermal and sedimentary coupled numerical model. On the basis of the present geothermal features, the Qiongdongnan Basin could be divided into three regions: the northern shelf and upper slope region with a heat flow of 50–70 m W/m2, most of the central depression zone of 70–85 m W/m2, and a NE trending high heat flow zone of 85–105 m W/m2 lying in the eastern basin. Numerical modeling shows that during the syn-rift phase, the heat flow increases generally with time, and is higher in basement high area than in its adjacent sags. At the end of the syn-rift phase, the heat flow in the deepwater sags was in a range of 60–85 m W/m2, while in the basement high area, it was in a range of 75–100 m W/m2. During the post-rift phase, the heat flow decreased gradually, and tended to be more uniform in the basement highs and sags. However, an extensive magmatism, which equivalently happened at around 5 Ma, has greatly increased the heat flow values, and the relict heat still contributes about 10–25 m W/m2 to the present surface heat flow in the central depression zone and the southern uplift zone. Further analyses suggested that the present high heat flow in the deep-water Qiongdongnan Basin is a combined result of the thermal anomaly in the upper mantle, highly thinning of the lithosphere, and the recent extensive magmatism. Other secondary factors might have affected the heat flow distribution features in some local regions. These factors include basement and seafloor topography, sediment heat generation, thermal blanketing, local magmatic injecting and hydrothermal activities related to faulting and overpressure. | WANG Zhenfeng SHI Xiaobin YANG Jun HUANG Baojia SUN Zhen WANG Yahui JIANG Haiyan YU Chuanhai YANG Xiaoqiu | 2014 | Acta Oceanologica Sinica2014，33，12： | 22 |
| 2 | Characteristics and accumulation mechanisms of the Dongfang 13-1 high temperature and overpressured gas field in the Yinggehai Basin, the South China Sea显示文摘The Dongfang 13-1 is located in the diapiric structure belt of the Yinggehai Basin. The formation pressure of its main gas reservoir in the Miocene Huangliu Formation is up to 54.6 MPa(pressure coefficient=1.91) and the temperature is as high as 143°C(geothermal gradient 4.36°C/100 m), indicating that it is a typical high-temperature and overpressured gas reservoir. The natural gas is interpreted to be coal-type gas derived from the Miocene mature source rocks containing type II2-III kerogens as evidenced by high dryness index of up to 0.98 and heavy carbon isotopes, i.e., the δ13C1 ranging from -30.76‰ to -37.52‰ and δ13C2 ranging from -25.02‰ to -25.62‰. The high temperature and overpressured Miocene petroleum system is related mainly to diapir in the Yinggehai Basin and contains more pore water in the overpressured reservoirs due to undercompaction process. The experimental and calculated results show that the solubility of natural gas in formation water is as high as 10.5 m3/m3 under the temperature and pressure conditions of the Sanya Formation, indicating that at least part of the gas may migrate in the form of water-soluble phase. Meanwhile, the abundant gas source in the Basin makes it possible for the rapid saturation of natural gas in formation water and exsolution of soluble gas. Therefore, the main elements controlling formation of the Dongfang 13-1 gas pool include that(1) the diapir activities and accompanying changes in temperature and pressure accelerate the water-soluble gas exsolution and release a lot of free gas;(2) submarine fan fine sandstone in the Huangliu Formation provides good gas-water segregation and accumulation space; and(3) the overlying overpressured mud rocks act as effective caps. The accumulation mechanism reveals that the high temperatural and high pressure structure belt near the diapir structures has a good potential for large and medium-sized gas field exploration. | XIE YuHong HUANG BaoJia | 2014 | Science China Earth Sciences2014，57，11： | 12 |
| 3 | Geology and hydrocarbon accumulations in the deepwater of the northwestern South China Sea——with focus on natural gas显示文摘The deepwater of the northwestern South China Sea is located in the central to southern parts of the Qiongdongnan Basin(QDN Basin),which is a key site for hydrocarbon exploration in recent years.In this study,the authors did a comprehensive analysis of gravity-magnetic data,extensive 3D seismic survey,cores and cuttings,paleontology and geochemical indexes,proposed the mechanism of natural gas origin,identified different oil and gas systems,and established the model of hydrocarbon accumulations in the deep-water region.Our basin tectonic simulation indicates that the evolution of QDN Basin was controlled by multiple-phased tectonic movements,such as Indochina-Eurasian Plate collision,Tibetan Uplift,Red River faulting and the expansion of the South China Sea which is characterized by Paleogene rifting,Neogene depression,and Eocene intensive faulting and lacustrine deposits.The drilling results show that this region is dominated by marineterrestrial transitional and neritic-bathyal facies from the early Oligocene.The Yacheng Formation of the early Oligocene is rich in organic matter and a main gas-source rock.According to the geological-geochemical data from the latest drilling wells,Lingshui,Baodao,Changchang Sags have good hydrocarbon-generating potentials,where two plays from the Paleogene and Neogene reservoirs were developed.Those reservoirs occur in central canyon structural-lithologic trap zone,Changchang marginal trap zone and southern fault terrace of Baodao Sag.Among them,the central canyon trap zone has a great potential for exploration because the various reservoirforming elements are well developed,i.e.,good coal-measure source rocks,sufficient reservoirs from the Neogene turbidity sandstone and submarine fan,faults connecting source rock and reservoirs,effective vertical migration,late stage aggregation and favorable structural–lithological composite trapping.These study results provide an important scientific basis for hydrocarbon exploration in this region,evidenced by the recent discovery of the significant commercial LS-A gas field in the central canyon of the Lingshui Sag. | WANG Zhenfeng SUN Zhipeng ZHANG Daojun ZHU Jitian LI Xushen HUANG Baojia GUO Minggang JIANG Rufeng | 2015 | Acta Oceanologica Sinica2015，34，10： | 9 |
| 4 | The solution and exsolution characteristics of natural gas components in water at high temperature and pressure and their geological meaning显示文摘The processes of solution in, and exsolution from, formation water influence the component content of natural gas by contrasting the relative contents of components before the natural gas dissolves in water and those after exsolving from water under different conditions of high temperatures and pressures. Compared with the composition of original natural gas, the relative content of methane and nitrogen increased after the natural gas dissolved in water. The increase of nitrogen content exceeds that of methane, but the content of ethane, propane, pentane etc reduced. At the same temperature and with pressure increasing the content of methane increased and that of heavier hydrocarbons reduced. At the same pressure the content of methane increased quickly from 90°C to 120°C, and the content of heavier hydrocarbons reduced. But at even higher temperatures, the increase of methane slowed down and the content of heavier hydrocarbons increased slightly. At the same temperature and different pressures, heavier hydrocarbons reduced much more with increasing carbon atom number, while with temperature increasing the content difference of heavier hydrocarbons reduced. Therefore, the influence of the solution and exsolution should be considered in the study of the migration and accumulation mechanism of natural gas. | Gao Gang Huang Zhilong Huang Baojia Yuan Jian Tong Chuanxin | 2012 | Petroleum Science2012，9，1： | 4 |
| 5 | Kinetics and model of gas generation of source rocks in the deepwater area, Qiongdongnan Basin显示文摘In order to investigate the hydrocarbon generation process and gas potentials of source rocks in deepwater area of the Qiongdongnan Basin, kinetic parameters of gas generation(activation energy distribution and frequency factor) of the Yacheng Formation source rocks(coal and neritic mudstones) was determined by thermal simulation experiments in the closed system and the specific KINETICS Software. The results show that the activation energy(Ea) distribution of C1–C5 generation ranges from 50 to 74 kcal/mol with a frequency factor of 2.4×1015 s–1 for the neritic mudstone and the Ea distribution of C1–C5 generation ranges from 49 to 73 kcal/mol with a frequency factor of 8.92×1013 s–1 for the coal. On the basis of these kinetic parameters and combined with the data of sedimentary burial and paleothermal histories, the gas generation model of the Yacheng Formation source rocks closer to geological condition was worked out, indicating its main gas generation stage at Ro(vitrinite reflectance) of 1.25%–2.8%. Meanwhile, the gas generation process of the source rocks of different structural locations(central part, southern slope and south low uplift) in the Lingshui Sag was simulated. Among them, the gas generation of the Yacheng Formation source rocks in the central part and the southern slope of the sag entered the main gas window at 10 and 5 Ma respectively and the peak gas generation in the southern slope occurred at 3 Ma. The very late peak gas generation and the relatively large gas potential indices(GPI:20×108–60×108 m3/km2) would provide favorable conditions for the accumulation of large natural gas reserves in the deepwater area. | HUANG Baojia HUANG Hao WANG Zhenfeng HUANG Yiwen SUN Zhipeng | 2015 | Acta Oceanologica Sinica2015，34，4： | 3 |
| 6 | Geochem- istry and episodic accumulation of natural gases from the Ire dong Gasfield in the Yinggehai Basin, offshore South China Sea显示文摘 | Baojia Huang Xianming Xiao Zhongliang Hu | 2005 | Organic Geochemistry2005，36，12： | 1 |
| 7 | Geochemistry and episodic accumulation of natural gases from the Ledong gas field in the Yinggehai Basin, offshore South China Sea 显示文摘 | Huang Baojia Xiao Xianming Hu Zhongliang | 2005 | Organic Geochemistry2005，36，12： | 1 |
| 8 | Geochemistry and episodic accumulation of natural gases from the Ledong gas field in the YinggehaiBasin,off shore SouthChina Sea显示文摘 | Huang Baojia Xiao Xianming Hu Zhongliang | | 0，，12： | 1 |
| 9 | Geochemistry,grouping and origins of crude oils in the West Pear River Mouth Basin,offshore South China Sea显示文摘 | Huang Baojia | 2003 | Organic Geochemistry2003，34，： | 1 |
| 10 | Geochemistry and ori gins of natural gases in the Yinggehai and Qiongdongnan basins,offshore South China Sea显示文摘 | Huang Baojia Xiao Xianming Li Xuxuan | 2003 | Organic Geochemistry2003，，34： | 1 |
| 11 | Geochemistry,origin and accumulation of CO2 in natural gases of the Yinggehai Basin,offshore South China Sea显示文摘 | HUANG Baojia | 2004 | AAPG Bulletin2004，88，9： | 1 |
| 12 | Geochemistry and origins of natural gases in the Yinggehai and Qiongdongnan basins, offshore South China Sea显示文摘 | Baojia Huang Xianming Xiao Xuxuan Li | 2003 | Organic Geochemistry2003，，7： | 1 |
| 13 | Dongfangl 1 gas field in the mud diapir belt of the Yinggehai basin,South China Sea显示文摘 | Wang Zhenfeng Huang Baojia | 2008 | Marine and Petroleum Geology2008，25，： | 1 |
| 14 | Dongfang 1-1 gas field in the mud diapir belt of the Yinggehai Basin, South China Sea显示文摘 | Wang Zhenfeng Huang Baojia | 2008 | Marine and Petroleum Geology2008，25，： | 1 |
| 15 | Dongfang 1-1 gas field in the mud dtapir belt of the Yinggehai Basin, South China Sea显示文摘 | Wang Zhenfeng Huang Baojia | 2008 | Marine and Petroleum Geology2008，25，： | 1 |
| 16 | Geo- chemistry and episodic accumulation of natural gases from the Ledong gas field in the Yinggehai Basin, offshore South Chi na Sea显示文摘 | Baojia Huang Xianming Xiao Zhongliang Hu | 2005 | Organic Geochemistry2005，36，： | 1 |
| 17 | Geochemistryand origins of natural gases in the Yinggehai and Qiong-dongnan Basins,offshore South China Sea显示文摘 | Huang Baojia Xiao Xianming Li Xuxuan | 2003 | Organic Ge-ochemistry2003，34，7： | 1 |
| 18 | Geochemistry and or-igins of natural gases in the Yinggehai and Qiongdongnan basins,offshore South China Sea显示文摘 | HUANG Baojia XIAO Xianming LI Xuxuan | 2003 | Organic Geochemistry2003，34，7： | 1 |
| 19 | Geochemistry,ori-gin and accumulation of CO2 in natural gases of the Yinggehai ba-sin,offshore South China Sea显示文摘 | HUANG Baojia XIAO Xianming ZHU Weilin | 2004 | AAPG Bulletin2004，88，9： | 1 |
| 20 | Geochemistry,origin and deep water exploration potential of natural gases in the Pearl River Mouth and Qiongdongnan basins,South China Sea显示文摘 | ZHU Weilin HUANG Baojia MI Lijun | 2009 | AAPG Bulletin2009，93，： | 1 |
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