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| 1 | Structural characteristics and petroliferous features of Tarim Basin显示文摘Using the modern tectonic geology theories andmethods such as the plate tectonic analysis, the paleo-struc-ture analysis, the structural-Iithofacies analysis, and the faultrelated fold and petroleum system, and combining with theseismic data, well drilling data and the circumferential fieldgeology, study on the structural characteristics and petro-leum prospect in the Tarim Basin has been carried out. Re-sults show that the Tarim Basin is a large superimpositionand combination basin with continental crustal basement,composed of a Paleozoic craton and Meso-Cenozoic forelandbasins. The characteristics of the basin are: the kernel partof the basin is the marine facies Paleozoic craton, superim-posed 4 continental facies foreland basins. Though the scaleof the paleozoic craton of the Tarim Basin is relatively small,the structure is steady. The petroleum prospect of the Paleo-zoic craton is: multiphase pool-generation and accumulationcontrolled by ancient uplift. The Meso-Cenozoic forelandbasins in the Tarim Basin, which are distributed on the era-tonic circumference and are a long-term subsidence, turnedinto rejuvenated foreland basins after the Meso-Cenozoicperiod. The petroleum prospects are: coal-bed generatinghydrocarbon, abundant natural gas, pool-generation in laterand recent periods, the oil and gas distribution controlled bythe foreland thrust belt. The structural characteristics ofTarim provide it with a superimposition and combinationpetroleum system of multiple resources, multiple reservoirsand multiphase pool-generation. The oil and gas explorationprospect covers two large fields: the Paleozoic craton and theMeso-Cenozoic foreland thrust belt. | JIA Chengzao~1 & WEI Guoqi~2 1. PetroChina Company Limited, Beijing 100011, China 2. Langfang Branch of Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development, PetroChina, Langfang 065007, China | 2002 | Chinese Science Bulletin2002，47，S1： | 28 |
| 2 | Controlling factors for large gas field formation in thrust belt of Kuqa coal derived hydrocarbon foreland basin显示文摘Kuqa depression is a foreland basin developedwith Mesozoic-Triassic-Jurassic coal-bearing formation. Theresearch results of the coal-derived hydrocarbon forelandbasins in Kuqa depression indicated that the coal-bearingformation can be the rich sources for generating gas becauseof their thickness and rich source rocks with gas-generatingpredominant kerogen. Although the foreland thrust beltmainly acting in compression is very complicated, integrallarge structural traps can be formed. Moreover, the thrustbelt can act as the passage for communication with deepsource rocks. The high quality gypsolish and gypseous mud-stone cap rock developed in the upper formation is the keyfor the formation of the large gas field. The late formation ofreservoirs in the large gas fields depended on the hydrocar-bon-generating history controlled by the foreland basin andthe developing process of foreland thrust belt. | SONG Yan JIA Chengzao ZHAO Mengjun TIAN Zuoji | 2002 | Chinese Science Bulletin2002，47，S1： | 20 |
| 3 | Geological constraints of giant and medium-sized gas fields in Kuqa Depression显示文摘There is a gas-rich and well-charged petroleumsystem in the Kuqa Depression where Triassic and Jurassicsource rocks play important roles. Distributed in an area ofmore than 10000 km and with a thickness of up to 1000 m,they are composed of dark mudstones, carbonaceous mud-stones and coal seams containing 6%, 40% and 90% of TOC,respectively, and are mainly the humic organic matter. Ashigh-quality regional cap rocks, the Neogene and Eogenegypsum rocks and gypseous mudstones matched well withthe underlying Neogene and Cretaceous-Eogene sandstones.They have formed the most favorable reservoir-seal assem-blages in the Kuqa Depression. Also the Jurassic sandstonesand mudstones formed another favorable reservoir-seal as-semblage. The traps are shaped late in the fold-thrust belt,mainly fixed in the Tertiary-Quaternary, where ten structurestyles have been distinguished. These traps spread as a zonein N-S, are scattered like a segmental line in W-E and showtier-styled vertically. The best traps are gypsum-salt coveredfault-bend anticlines related to the passive roof duplex. Thispetroleum system is characterized by late accumulation. Inthe early Himalayan Movement, mainly gas condensate andoil accumulated and were distributed in the outer circularregion of the kitchen; whereas in the middle and late Hima-layan the gas accumulations mainly formed and were dis-tributed in the inner circular region near the kitchen. Theoverpressure of gas pools is common and is formed by sealcapacity of thick gypsum layers, extensive tectonic compres-sion and large uplift. The well-preserved anticline traps un-derlying the high-quality regional cap rocks of the Tertiarygypsum rocks and gypseous mudstones are the main targetsfor the discovery of giant and medium-sized gas fields. Aboveconclusions are important for the petroleum geology theoryand the exploration of the fold-thrust belt in foreland basinsin central and western China. | JIA Chengzao GU Jiayu ZHANG Guangya | 2002 | Chinese Science Bulletin2002，47，S1： | 17 |
| 4 | Characteristics of China’s oil and gas pool formation in latest geological history显示文摘The structural activities took place extensively in the Asia continent during the Cenozoic era owing to the strong continent-to-continent collision and continuous compression between the India Plate and the Eurasia Plate. Huang Jiqing called such structural activities Himalayan movement. China’s sedimentary basins developed and took shape mainly during the Himalayan movement period. It is also the main period for formation and development of the oil and gas reservoirs. Of 366 large and medium-sized oil and gas fields currently found in China, 212 reservoirs were formed in the Neo- gene-Quaternary period. The proportion is as high as 68.2%. The oil and gas migration and accumu- lation in the latest geological period, which were controlled by the times, properties, styles and strength of the Himalayan movement, took place mainly in eight regions, such as the low uplift area of Bohai Sea, the onshore faulted sag area of Bohai Bay, anticlinorium zone in Daqing, the foreland fold-and-thrust belt in West China, the tilted structural zone in West China, the cratonic palaeohigh in the Tarim Basin, the zone of fault and fold belt in the East Sichuan Basin, and the biological gas zone in the East Qaidam Basin. The oil and gas pool formations in those regions have their own charac- teristics. With the great potential and broad prospect, those regions are the main exploration areas in China in the future. | JIA Chengzao HE Dengfa SHI Xin YANG Geng ZHANG Chaojun | 2006 | Science China Earth Sciences2006，49，9： | 16 |
| 5 | Formation and evolution of the Chinese marine basins显示文摘There are plenty of petroleum resources in the Chinese marine basins, which will be the potential exploration regions of petroleum in the 21st century. The formation and evolution of the Chinese marine basins have mainly undergone two major tectonic epochs and five tectonic evolution stages. The first major tectonic epoch is the early Paleozoic plate divergence and drifting epoch during which the marine basins were formed, and the second one is the late Paleozoic plate convergence and collision epoch during which the pre-existent marine basins were superimposed and modified. The five tectonic evolution stages include: ① the drifting of micro-continental plates in Oceans and the formation of marine basins mainly filled with carbonate rocks during Proterozoic-Middle Carboniferous; ② the northward collage and convergence of continental plates and the development of the paralic sedimentary basins during Late Carboniferous-Middle Triassic; ③ the tectonically stabilized stage after the plate collage and the superimposition of lacustrine basins controlled by the inland subsidence during Late Triassic-Early Cretaceous; ④ the stage of the inland deformation and successive deep burial, uplifting, erosion or breakage of marine basins influenced by the plate tectonic activities of Neo-Tethys Ocean and the West Pacific developed in Late Cretaceous-Paleocene; ⑤ the stage of the foreland compression and basin-range coupling in the margin of the marine basins caused by the collision between India and Eurasia Plates and its long-distance effect since Neocene. The process of the tectonic evolution has controlled the petroleum geologic characteristics of Chinese marine basins, and a material foundation for the formation of oil and gas reservoirs has been built up via the formation of Paleozoic ma- rine basins, and the Mesozoic-Cenozoic tectonic superimposition and modification have controlled the key conditions of hydrocarbon accumulation and preservation. From the Late Proterozoic to the Early Paleozoic, the stratigraphic sequences of the deep-water shale and continental margin marine carbonate rocks in the ancient plate floating in the oceans have developed high-quality marine source rocks and reef-shoal reservoirs. In Late Paleozoic, the crustal plates converged and uplifted into continent and the paleouplifts in the intra-cratonic basins have become good reservoirs of hydrocarbon migration and accumulation, and paralic coal beds have formed regional cap rocks. The Mesozoic-Cenozoic tectonic stability has determined the preservation condition of the Paleozoic marine basins. The marine basins have Precambrian crystal basement, the tectonic activities are relatively stable and the basin modification is relatively faint, and the ancient reservoirs are fit for preservation, such as the Tarim Basin, Sichuan Basin and Ordos Basin. They are all potential regions for marine oil and gas to be explored. | JIA ChengZao LI BenLiang ZHANG XingYang LI ChuanXin | 2007 | Chinese Science Bulletin2007，52，A01： | 15 |
| 6 | Characteristics of carbonate gas pool and multistage gas pool formation history of Hetianhe gas field, Tarim Basin, Northwest China显示文摘Hetianhe is a big carbonate gas field which isfound and demonstrated in the period of 'Chinese NationalNinth 5-Year Plan'. The proved reserve of Hetianhe gas fieldis over 600 ×10~8 m^3. Its main producing layers are Carbon-iferous bioclastic limestone and Ordovician carbonate com-posed of buried hill. The former is stratified gas pool withwater around its side, and the latter is massive gas pool withwater in its bottom. The gases in the gas pools belong to drygases with normal temperature and pressure systems. Basedon the correlation of gas and source rock, the gases aremainly generated from Cambrian source rocks. According tothe researches on source rock and structure evolution, andthe observations on the thin section to reservoir bitumen andthe studies on homogenization temperature of fluid inclu-sions, the gas pool has been identified and divided into threeformation periods. The first is Late Caledonian when the oilgenerated from the Cambrian source rocks and migratedalong faults, as a form of liquid facies into Ordovician carbonate res-ervoir and accumulated there. After that, the crustuplifted, the oil reservoir had been destroyed. The second isLate Hercynian when condensate gases generated from theCambrian source rocks and migrated into Ordovician res-ervoir, as a form of liquid facies. Since the fractures hadreached P strata, so the trap might have a real poor preser-vation condition, and the large-scale gas pool formation hadnot happened. The third gas reservoir formation period oc-curred in Himalaya. The fractures on both sides of Hetianhegas field developed violently under the forces of compression,and thus the present fault horst formed. The dry gases gen-erated from Cambrian source rocks and migrated upwardsas the form of gas facies into Ordovician and Carboniferousreservoirs, and the large gas pool as discovered at presentwas formed finally. | ZHOU Xinyuan JIA Chengzao WANG Zhaoming WANG Qinghua YANG Wei | 2002 | Chinese Science Bulletin2002，47，S1： | 13 |
| 7 | The structure of Circum-Tibetan Plateau Basin-Range System and the large gas provinces显示文摘Northward subduction of the Cenozoic Tethys ocean caused the convergence and collision of Eurasia-Indian Plates,resulting in the lower crust thickening,the upper crust thrusting,and the Qinghai-Tibet uplifting,and forming the plateau landscape.In company with uplifting and northward extruding of the Tibetan plateau,the contractional tectonic deformations persistently spread outward,building a gigantic basin-range system around the Tibetan plateau.This system is herein termed as the Circum-Tibetan Plateau Basin-Range System,in which the global largest diffuse and the most energetic intra-continental deformations were involved,and populations of inheritance foreland basins or thrust belts were developed along the margins of ancient cratonic plates due to the effects of the cratonic amalgamation,crust differentiation,orogen rejuvenation,and basin subsidence.There are three primary tectonic units in the Circum-Tibet Plateau Basin-Range System,which are the reactivated ancient orogens,the foreland thrust belts,and the miniature cratonic basins.The Circum-Tibetan Plateau Basin-Range System is a gigantic deformation system and particular Himalayan tectonic domain in central-western China and is comparable to the Tibetan Plateau.In this system,northward and eastward developments of thrust deformations exhibit an arc-shaped area along the Kunlun-Altyn-Qilian-Longmenshan mountain belts,and further expand outward to the Altai-Yinshan-LuliangshanHuayingshan mountain belts during the Late Cenozoic sustained collision of Indo-Asia.Intense intra-continental deformations lead ancient orogens to rejuvenate,young foreland basins to form in-between orogens and cratons,and thrusts to propagate from orogens to cratons in successive order.Driven by the Eurasia-Indian collision and its far field effects,both deformation and basin-range couplings in the arc-shaped area decrease from south to north.When a single basin-range unit is focused on,deformations become younger and younger together with more and more simple structural styles from piedmonts to craton interiors.In the Circum-Tibetan Plateau Basin-Range System,it presents three segmented tectonic deformational patterns:propagating in the west,growth-overthrusting in the middle,and slip-uplifting in the east.For natural gas exploration,two tectonic units,both the Paleozoic cratonic basins and the Cenozoic foreland thrust belts,are important because hydrocarbon in central-western China is preserved mainly in the Paleozoic cratonic paleo-highs and the Meso-Cenozoic foreland thrust belts,together with characteristics of multiphrase hydrocarbon generation but late accumulation and enrichment. | JIA ChengZao LI BenLiang LEI YongLiang CHEN ZhuXin | 2013 | Science China Earth Sciences2013，56，11： | 13 |
| 8 | Dynamics for multistage pool formation of Lunnan low uplift in Tarim Basin显示文摘Lunnan area in the Tarim Basin has become animportant onshore oil production base in China. Formationof the oil and gas pools in the low uplift of Lunnan has ex-perienced a comparatively complex process of dynamics.Based on the hydrocarbon generation period of source rocks,the formation period of cap rocks and traps, the analysis oforganic inclusion and the analysis of bitumen in the reservoir,this paper draws the conclusion that the low uplift area ofLunnan has experienced three pool formation periods: thePermian period, the Cretaceous-Early Tertiary period andthe Late Tertiary-Quaternary period and two oil and gasreservoir adjustment periods: the Late Permian period andthe Late Tertiary-Quaternary period. The comprehensivestudy indicates that the large-scale Ordovician buried hill,formed in Early Hercynian, became the reservoir during thePermian period, because the Cambrian-Lower Ordovicianoil was discharged laterally into the reservoir along the topof the Ordovician weathering crust from south to north. Thereservoir experienced a complicated process-reconstruc-tion in the end of Permian, adjustment in Cretaceous-EarlyTertiary and re-discharging process in Late Tertiary-Qua-ternary, leading to the early original heavy oil reservoir ofmarine facies and the late original light oil reservoir and gaspool. Carboniferous, Triassic and Jurassic oil and gas reser-voirs result from upward adjustment and re-distribution ofOrdovician oil and gas reservoirs. Of those results, the for-mation of Triassic-Jurassic oil and gas pools came under theinfluence of the northward-tilting structure. The oil and gassourcing from the different hydrocarbon source rock inter-vals vertically migrated into the base unconformity of Trias-sic system. Then the oil and gas migrated laterally fromnorth to south and accumulated into the reservoir. | HE Dengfa JIA Chengzao LIU Shaobo PAN Wenqing WANG Shejiao | 2002 | Chinese Science Bulletin2002，47，S1： | 11 |
| 9 | Geologic Characteristics of Volcanic Hydrocarbon Reservoirs and Exploration Directions in China显示文摘Volcanic rocks are distributed widely in China, which are important exploration targets. By analyzing many discovered volcanic hydrocarbon reservoirs all over the world, the authors summarized the geologic characteristics of the formation of volcanic hydrocarbon reservoirs in China, and gave further exploration directions and advices. (1) There are mainly Carboniferous-Permian, Jurassic-Cretaceous, Paleogene-Neogene volcanic rocks in oil- and gas-bearing basins in China, which are mainly distributed in the Junggar Basin, Songliao Basin, Bohai Bay Basin, etc. There are mainly intermediate rocks and acidic rocks in east China, and intermediate rocks and basic rocks in west China. They primarily develop in intracontinental rift settings and island arc environments. (2) Pore- fissure reservoirs are distributed widely in basins, which are volcanic rocks mainly in explosive and effusive facies. (3) Volcanic hydrocarbon reservoirs are chiefly near-source lithostratigraphic hydrocarbon reservoirs, and the oil and gas accumulation is predominantly controlled by lithotypes, faults and structural positions. (4) Deep-seated oil and gas reservoirs in the Songliao Basin and Carboniferous volcanic hydrocarbon reservoirs in the Junggar Basin are potential giant volcanic gas provinces, the volcanic hydrocarbon reservoirs in the Bohai Bay Basin and Santanghu Basin are favorable for oil and gas reserves increase, and volcanic rocks in the Turpan Basin, Sichuan Basin, Tarim Basin have exploration potentiality. (5) The technology series of oil and gas exploration in volcanic rocks have been preliminarily formed. | ZOU Caineng ZHU Rukai ZHAO Wenzhi JIA Chengzao ZHANG Guangya YUAN Xuanjun ZHAO Xia WEN Baihong | 2010 | Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition)2010，84，1： | 10 |
| 10 | Silurian to Devonian foreland basin in the south edge of Tarim Basin显示文摘Based on the theory of plate tectonics, combin-ing with the isotopic dating of ophiolite, igneous and volcan-ics, geochemical test, rare earth element analyze and seismicinterpretation, this paper studies the pre-Carboniferous tec-tonics and sedimentary formation of the south edge of theTarim Basin and proves that there exists the Kunlun Oceanunder tensional tectonics during the Sinian and Cambrian inthe south edge of the Tarim Plate. After that, due to the colli-sion orogenesis, there formed the peripheral foreland basinin the south edge of Tarim. The Upper Silurian and Devo-nian molasses sedimentary system superposed on the Sinianand Middle Silurian passive margin flysch sedimentary sys-tem and formed the bivariate structure of the foreland basin.And at the same time, based on the field geology and seismicinterpretation, we have identified that the formation of theSilurian and Devonian have the character of half depositwhich shows thick in the south area and thin in the north,and the pre-Carboniferous thrust compression tectonics re-mained in the foreland thrust belt, which further demon-strates that there existed the Silurian and Devonian periph-eral foreland basin on the south edge of the Tarim Basin. | WEI Guoqi JIA Chengzao LI Benliang CHEN Hanlin | 2002 | Chinese Science Bulletin2002，47，S1： | 10 |
| 11 | Buoyance-driven hydrocarbon accumulation depth and its implication for unconventional resource prediction显示文摘The discovery of unconventional hydrocarbon resources since the late 20th century changed geologists’understanding of hydrocarbon migration and accumulations and provides a solution to energy shortage.In 2016,unconventional oil production in the USA accounted for 41%of the total oil production;and unconventional natural gas production in China accounted for 35%of total gas production,showing strong growth momentum of unconventional hydrocarbons explorations.Unconventional hydrocarbons generally coexist with conventional petroleum resources;they sometimes distribute in a separate system,not coexisting with a conventional system.Identification and prediction of unconventional resources and their potentials are prominent challenges for geologists.This study analyzed the results of 12,237 drilling wells in six representative petroliferous basins in China and studied the correlations and differences between conventional and unconventional hydrocarbons by comparing their geological features.Migration and accumulation of conventional hydrocarbon are caused dominantly by buoyance.Wepropose a concept of buoyance-driven hydrocarbon accumulation depth to describe the deepest hydrocarbon accumulation depth driven dominantly by buoyance;beyond this depth the buoyance becomes unimportant for hydrocarbon accumulation.We found that the buoyance-driven hydrocarbon accumulation depth in petroliferous basins controls the different oil/gas reservoirs distribution and resource potentials.Hydrocarbon migration and accumulations above this depth is dominated by buoyancy,forming conventional reservoirs in traps with high porosity and permeability,while hydrocarbon migration and accumulation below this depth is dominated by non-buoyancy forces(mainly refers to capillary force,hydrocarbon volumeexpansion force,etc.),forming unconventional reservoirs in tight layers.The buoyance-driven hydrocarbon accumulation depths in six basins in China range from 1200mto 4200 m,which become shallowerwith increasing geothermal gradient,decreasing particle size of sandstone reservoir layers,or an uplift in the whole petroliferous basin.The predicted unconventional resource potential belowthe buoyance-driven hydrocarbon accumulation depth in six basins in China is more than 15.71×10^(9) t oil equivalent,among them 4.71×10^(9) t reserves have been proved.Worldwide,94%of 52,926 oil and gas reservoirs in 1186 basins are conventional reservoirs and only 6%of them are unconventional reservoirs.These 94%conventional reservoirs show promising exploration prospects in the deep area below buoyance-driven hydrocarbon accumulation depth. | Xiongqi Pang Chengzao Jia Wenyang Wang Zhangxin Chen Maowen Li Fujie Jiang Tao Hu Ke Wang Yingxun Wang | 2021 | Geoscience Frontiers2021，12，4： | 9 |
| 12 | Meso-Cenozoic Tectonic Events Recorded by Apatite Fission Track in the Northern Longmen-Micang Mountains Region显示文摘There is a cross-cutting relationship between the E-W trending structures and the NE-trending structures in the northern Longmen-Micang Mountains region,which reflects possible regional tectonic transition and migration.Apatite fission track(AFT) analyses of 15 samples collected from this area yield apparent ages varying from 30.3±4.2 Ma to 111.7±9.0 Ma and confined-track-lengths ranging from 10.6±0.3 μm to 12.4±0.1 μm.Four specific groups were identified on the basis of the Track Age Spectrum Calculation(TASC) patterns,i.e.,143-112Ma,93.6-88?Ma,42-40Ma and ~25.6Ma.These age groups correspond to the spatial distributions of datasets and may represent four tectonic events.Together with the regional deformation patterns,the four age groups are interpreted to indicate tectonic superposition,transition and migration during the Meso-Cenozoic with the following possible order:(1) the Micang Mountains belt was dominated by the E-W trending structure during 143-112Ma;(2) the contraction of the Longmen Mountains belt from the NW to the SE during 93.6-88Ma led to the superposition of the NE-trending structures over the E-W trendinding structures;(3) dextral strike-slip shear dominated the Longmen Mountains belt at 42-40Ma;(4) westward migration of the active tectonic belt occurred from 93.6-25.6Ma in a break-back sequence in the northern Longmen Mountains belt.The Late Cenozoic tectonics in the northern Longmen Mountains belt are characterized by the dextral strike-slip shear and the occurrence of westward break-back sequence of deformations.As a result,north-south differences in deformations along the Longmen Mountains belt were intensified since the Miocene time and strains were mainly accumulated in the hinterland of the Longmen Mountains instead of being propagated to the foreland basin. | LEI Yongliang JIA Chengzao LI Benliang WEI Guoqi CHEN Zhuxin SHI Xin | 2012 | Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition)2012，86，1： | 8 |
| 13 | A unified model for the formation and distribution of both conventional and unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs显示文摘The discovery and large-scale exploration of unconventional oil/gas resources since 1980s have been considered as the most important advancement in the history of petroleum geology;that has not only changed the balance of supply and demand in the global energy market,but also improved our understanding of the formation mechanisms and distribution characteristics of oil/gas reservoirs.However,what is the difference of conventional and unconventional resources and why they always related to each other in petroliferous basins is not clear.As the differences and correlations between unconventional and conventional resources are complex challenging issues and very critical for resources assessment and hydrocarbon exploration,this paper focused on studying the relationship of formations and distributions among different oil/gas reservoirs.Drilling results of 12,237 exploratory wells in 6 representative petroliferous basins of China and distribution characteristics for 52,926 oil/gas accumulations over the world were applied to clarify the formation conditions and genetic relations of different oil/gas reservoirs in a petroliferous basin,and then to establish a unified model to address the differences and correlations of conventional and unconventional reservoirs.In this model,conventional reservoirs formed in free hydrocarbon dynamic field with high porosity and permeability located above the boundary of hydrocarbon buoyancy-driven accumulation depth limit.Unconventional tight reservoirs formed in confined hydrocarbon dynamic field with low porosity and permeability located between hydrocarbon buoyancy-driven accumulation depth limit and hydrocarbon accumulation depth limit.Shale oil/gas reservoirs formed in the bound hydrocarbon dynamic field with low porosity and ultra-low permeability within the source rock layers.More than 75%of proved reserves around the world are discovered in the free hydrocarbon dynamic field,which is estimated to contain only 10%of originally generated hydrocarbons.Most of undiscovered resources distributed in the confined hydrocarbon dynamic field and the bound hydrocarbon dynamic field,which contains 90%of original generated hydrocarbons,implying a reasonable and promising area for future hydrocarbon explorations.The buried depths of hydrocarbon dynamic fields become shallow with the increase of heat flow,and the remaining oil/gas resources mainly exist in the deep area of“cold basin”with low geothermal gradient.Lithology changing in the hydrocarbon dynamic field causes local anomalies in the oil/gas dynamic mechanism,leading to the local formation of unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs in the free hydrocarbon dynamic field or the occurrence of oil/gas enrichment sweet points with high porosity and permeability in the confined hydrocarbon dynamic field.The tectonic movements destroy the medium conditions and oil/gas components,which leads to the transformation of conventional oil/gas reservoirs formed in free hydrocarbon dynamic field to unconventional ones or unconventional ones formed in confined and bound hydrocarbon dynamic fields to conventional ones. | Xiongqi Pang Chengzao Jia Junqing Chen Maowen Li Wenyang Wang Qinhong Hu Yingchun Guo Zhangxin Chen Junwen Peng Keyu Liu Keliu Wu | 2021 | Geoscience Frontiers2021，12，2： | 8 |
| 14 | Tectonic evolution of Tethyan tectonic field, formation of Northern Margin basin and explorative perspective of natural gas in Tarim Basin显示文摘Analyzing the characteristics of the Tethyantectonic field, the authors think that the Tethyan tectonicfield underwent three evolutional stages: closing of Pa-leo-Tethys and rifting of Neo-Tethys from early Permian tolate Triassic, subduction of Neo-Tethys and collision betweenthe Indian plate and the Eurasia plate from Jurassic to earlyof low Tertiary, and collision between the Arab plate and theEurasia plate and the A-type subduction of Indian plate fromlate of low Tertiary to the present. Combining the evolutionof the Tethyan orogenic belt with the characteristics of theNorthern Margin basin, it is suggested that the sedimentaryand tectonic characteristics and types of the Northern Mar-gin basin are controlled by the formation and evolution ofthe Tethyan orogenic belt and the ingression of Tethys. Theevolution of Northern Margin basin can be divided into threedevelopment stages: back-arc foreland basin from late Per-mian to Triassic, the back-arc fault subsidence and depres-sion from Jurassic to the early of low Tertiary, and the reac-tive foreland basin from the late of low Tertiary to the pre-sent. The Northern Margin basin in the Tethyan tectonicfield is an important region for natural gas accumulation,and the Tarim Basin is a part of this region. | YANG Shufeng JIA Chengzao CHEN HanlinWEI Guoqi CHENG Xiaogan JIA Dong XIAO Ancheng GUO Shaojie | 2002 | Chinese Science Bulletin2002，47，S1： | 7 |
| 15 | Pore Size Distribution of a Tight Sandstone Reservoir and its Effect on Micro Pore-throat Structure: A Case Study of the Chang 7 Member of the Xin’anbian Block, Ordos Basin, China显示文摘Pore distribution and micro pore-throat structure characteristics are significant for tight oil reservoir evaluation, but their relationship remains unclear. This paper selects the tight sandstone reservoir of the Chang 7 member of the Xin’anbian Block in the Ordos Basin as the research object and analyzes the pore size distribution and micro pore-throat structure using field emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM), high-pressure mercury injection(HPMI), highpressure mercury injection, and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) analyses. The study finds that:(1) Based on the pore size distribution, the tight sandstone reservoir is characterized by three main patterns with different peak amplitudes. The former peak corresponds to the nanopore scale, and the latter peak corresponds to the micropore scale. Then, the tight sandstone reservoir is categorized into three types: type 1 reservoir contains more nanopores with a nanopore-to-micropore volume ratio of 82:18;type 2 reservoir has a nanopore-to-micropore volume ratio of 47:53;and type 3 reservoir contains more micropores with a nanopore-to-micropore volume ratio of 35:65.(2) Affected by the pore size distribution, the throat radius distributions of different reservoir types are notably offset. The type 1 reservoir throat radius distribution curve is weakly unimodal, with a relatively dispersed distribution and peak ranging from 0.01 μm to 0.025 μm. The type 2 reservoir’s throat radius distribution curve is single-peaked with a wide distribution range and peak from 0.1 μm to 0.25 μm. The type 3 reservoir’s throat radius distribution curve is single-peaked with a relatively narrow distribution and peak from 0.1 μm to 0.25 μm. With increasing micropore volume, pore-throat structure characteristics gradually improve.(3) The correlation between micropore permeability and porosity exceeds that of nanopores, indicating that the development of micropores notably influences the seepage capacity. In the type 1 reservoir, only the mean radius and effective porosity have suitable correlations with the nanopore and micropore porosities. The pore-throat structure parameters of the type 2 and 3 reservoirs have reasonable correlations with the nanopore and micropore porosities, indicating that the development of these types of reservoirs is affected by the pore size distribution. This study is of great significance for evaluating lacustrine tight sandstone reservoirs in China. The research results can provide guidance for evaluating tight sandstone reservoirs in other regions based on pore size distribution. | LI Peng JIA Chengzao JIN Zhijun LIU Quanyou BI HeZHENG Min WU Songtao HUANG Zhenkai | 2020 | Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition)2020，94，2： | 5 |
| 16 | Evaluation criteria, major types, characteristics and resource prospects of tight oil in China显示文摘Tight oil refers to a petroleum play that occurs in a free or adsorbed state in source rocks or tight reservoir rocks(e.g.,sandstone and carbonate rock)interbedded with or close to source rocks.Tight oil has generally not experienced large-scale,long-distance migration.According to such a definition and its characteristics,10 key indices are proposed for tight oil resource evaluation in China.Tight oil reservoirs are divided into three groups in terms of porosity and permeability.Tight oil can be classified into three types according to the contact relationship between the tight oil reservoirs and source rocks,i.e.,tight lacustrine carbonate oil,tight deep-lake gravity flow sandstones oil,and tight deep-lake deltaic sandstones oil.In China,tight oil resources are widely distributed and significant exploration discoveries have been achieved in the sixth member and seventh member of the Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin,the Permian Lucaogou Formation in the Junggar Basin,the Middle-Lower Jurassic strata of the Sichuan Basin,and the Cretaceous Qingshankou and Quantou Formations in the Songliao Basin.The total geological resources of tight oil in China assessed by using the“analog”method are estimated to be(10.67-11.15)×10^(9) tones.Taking into account of the future prospects of petroleum development,tight oil may become a realistic alternative to the conventional oil resources in China. | Chengzao Jia Caineng Zou Jianzhong Li Denghua Li Min Zheng | 2016 | Petroleum Research2016，1，1： | 5 |
| 17 | Some key issues on the unconventional petroleum systems explora显示文摘Oil and gas currently still hold a leading role in the global energy mix.The recent drastic increase in unconventional oil and gas production contributes significantly to strike a balance between the global demand and supply of oil and gas.However,a range of important fundamental questions about the unconventional oil and gas resources have not been adequately answered.Little is known about the distribution and accumulation patterns,as well as the exploration and development characteristics of unconventional oil and gas.The current status of global oil and gas exploration was reviewed and four key theoretical issues regarding the unconventional oil and gas geology were identified:(1)the traditional concept and definition of“petroleum system”needs to be revisited.The concept of a“holistic-process accumulation”model of a“total petroleum system”in petroliferous basins was proposed to analyze the unconventional hydrocarbon accumulation mechanisms from four key aspects of quantitative studies on hydrocarbon generation-expulsion-migration-accumulation processes.(2)The second issue is related to fine-grained sedimentary system and sedimentary facies of tight reservoirs.Through analyzing the relationship between fine-grained sediments and unconventional hydrocarbon accumulation,three research integration areas were put forward.(3)The third issue is on the micro-nano pore system and fluid phase behavior in shales and tight reservoirs.Five aspects of micro-nano pore system were identified to focus on unconventional hydrocarbon research,and the characteristics of micro-nano pore development and fluid phase behavior in micro-nanopores were elucidated.(4)The fourth issue is related to unconventional hydrocarbon accumulation patterns and resource evaluation.Based on the characteristics of unconventional hydrocarbon accumulation,an evaluation system for unconventional hydrocarbon resources was established and optimized. | Chengzao Jia Min Zheng Yongfeng Zhang | 2016 | Petroleum Research2016，1，2： | 5 |
| 18 | Influence of tectonic uplift-erosion on formation pressure显示文摘The formation of abnormally low-pressure hydrocarbon reservoirs in petroliferous basins has a close relationship with tectonic uplift and the consequent erosion. In order to understand abnormally low-pressure reservoirs and to provide a scientific basis for exploration and development, we established, through numerical simulation and theoretical analysis, a set of equations for the formation pressure in a closed system influenced by uplift-erosion, discussed the relationship between the genesis of abnormal pressure and uplift-erosion, and put forward the concept of balance pressure (P b ). The results showed that abnormally high pressure coefficient may form when the current formation pressure was higher than P b , and abnormally low pressure may form when the current formation pressure was lower than P b . In the Santanghu Basin, the current formation pressure of abnormally low pressure reservoirs is lower than P b , so tectonic uplift-erosion leads to the decrease of the pressure coefficient. There is a positive correlation between the pressure drop caused by the decrease of fluid temperature and the rebound of rock porosity and strata erosion. Calculation results indicated that the reservoir pressure of Jurassic strata in the Santanghu Basin was decreased by 11.6-17.1 MPa due to tectonic uplift-erosion during the Late Yanshanian period. | Xu Hao Zhang Junfeng Jia Chengzao Tang Dazhen Yin Wei | 2010 | Petroleum Science2010，7，4： | 4 |
| 19 | Petroleum geological characteristics of Kela-2 gas field显示文摘The Kela-2 gas field is located in the center ofKelasu structural belt in Kuqa Depression. This trap is oneof a series of traps in the folded belts which are distributed ina string of pearls in the dual structure. The primary gas-bearing layers are sandstone of Lower Cretaceous K1bswhile the secondary layers are dolomite member and gluten-ite member of Lower Tertiary E1-2km and sandstone ofLower Cretaceous K1b. The main component of natural gasis methane whose content is higher than 97%. It is charac-terized by dry gas whose source rock is Jurassic coal meas-ure. The Kela-2 structural trap was formed during the Xiyuperiod and then became a reservoir in the late time. The res-ervoir formed late and the thick seal rock of Lower Tertiarygipsmantle are the avail reason why the giant Kela-2 gasfield has been well kept. The abnormal high pressure of theKela-2 gas field results from the strong structural compres-sion in the northern part during the Xiyu period. | JIA Chengzao ZHOU Xinyuan WANG Zhaoming LI Qiming PI Xuejun CAI Zhenzhong HU Xiaoyong | 2002 | Chinese Science Bulletin2002，47，S1： | 4 |
| 20 | Characteristics of Milankovitch Cycles in the Mid-Permian Liangshan and Qixia Formations of the Sichuan Basin——Examples from Well-Long17 and Well-Wujia1显示文摘The Liangshan and Qixia formations in the Sichuan Basin of central China were formed in the earlier middle Permian. Based on outcrop observation of the Changjianggou section at Shangsi, Guangyuan region and 3 rd -order sequence division in typical drillings, one-dimensional spectrum analysis has been used to choose the better curve between the natural gamma ray spectrometry log(ln (Th/K)) in Well-Long17 and the gamma ray log(GR) in Well-Wujia1, respectively, for identifying Milankovitch cycles in Sequence PSQ1 which comprises the Liangshan and Qixia formations, and then to identify the variation in the Milankovitch cycle sequences. On this basis, the system tract and 4 th -order sequence interfaces in Sequence PSQ1 were found via two-dimensional spectral analysis and digital filtering. Finally, a high-frequency sequence division program was established. Among these cycles, long eccentricity (413.0 ka) and short eccentricity (123.0 ka) are the most unambiguous, and they are separately the major control factors in forming 4 th -order (parasequence sets) and 5 th -order (parasequences) sequences, with the average thicknesses corresponding to the main cycles being 11.47 m and 3.32 m in Well-Long17, and 14.21 m and 3.79 m in Well-Wujia1, respectively. In other words, the deposition rate in the beach subfacies is faster than that of the inner ramp facies. The ln(Th/K) curve is more sensitive than the GR as the index of relatively ancient water depth in carbonate deposition. One-dimensional spectrum analysis of ln(Th/K) curve could distinguish the Milankovitch cycle sequences that arose from the Precession cycle (20.90 ka), with a much higher credibility. Sequence PSQ1 in Well-Long17 contains 10 4 th -order sequences, and the growth span of Sequence PSQ1 consisting of the Liangshan and Qixia formations is about 4.13 Ma. The single deposition thickness of the long eccentricity cycle sequence has the characteristics of thinning and then thickening in the two-dimensional spectrum, which could be used to identify the system tract interface of the 3 rd -order sequence. The precession sequence thickness remains stationary. As a result, the early deposition rate in the mid-Permian of the Sichuan basin was very slow, remaining nearly stationary, and this reflects a sustained depositional environment. Whole-rock carbon and oxygen isotope curves could also prove this point. Milankovitch cycle sequence studies provide a basis for paleoenvironmental analysis and, as such, can be used to analyze ancient climate change, calculate deposition rate and deposition time, and carry out fine isochronous stratigraphic correlation. | ZHANG Yunbo JIA Chengzao ZHAO Zongju JIANG Zaixing XU Jie | 2012 | Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition)2012，86，5： | 3 |
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