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1New eolian red clay sequence on the western Chinese Loess Plateau linked to onset of Asian desertification about 25 Ma ago显示文摘The expansion of inland Asia deserts has considerably influenced the environmental, social and economic activities in Asia. Aridification of inland Asia, especially timing of the initiation of Asian desertification, is a contentious topic in paleoclimatology. Late Cenozoic eolian loess-red clay sequences on the Chinese Loess Plateau, which possess abundant paleoclimatic and paleo-environmental information, can be regarded as an indicator of inland Asia desertification. Here we present a detailed magnetostratigraphic investigation of a new red clay sequence about 654 m in Zhuanglang located at the western Chinese Loess Plateau. Sedimentological, geochemical, mineralogical, and quartz morphological lines of evidence show that the red clay is of eolian origin. Magnetostratigraphic correlations indicate that this core sequence spans from 25.6 to 4.8 Ma, and typical eolian red clay appears as early as 25 Ma. This extends the lower limit of the red clay on the Chinese Loess Plateau from the previously thought early Miocene back into the late Oligocene. This new red clay record further implies that the inland Asia desertification was initiated at least by the late Oligocene. This sequence provides a unique high-resolution geological record for understanding the inland Asia desertification process since the late Oligocene.QIANG XiaoKe AN ZhiSheng SONG YouGui CHANG Hong SUN YouBin LIU WeiGuo AO Hong DONG JiBao FU ChaoFeng WU Feng LU FengYan CAI YanJun ZHOU WeiJian CAO JunJi XU XinWen AI Li 2011Science China Earth Sciences2011,54,1:73
2Changes in precipitation and extreme precipitation in a warming environment in China显示文摘This study analyses the decadal changes in winter precipitation and extreme precipitation in a warming environment in China. The results show that, together with a trend of winter warming in China, winter precipitation and extreme precipitation in the region are also increasing. In addition, concurrent with the decadal warming shift that occurred in the mid-1980s, precipitation and extreme precipitation both increased significantly. Quantitative analysis shows that precipitation and extreme precipitation increased at rates of 9.7% and 22.6% per 1℃ of surface warming in China. This rate of precipitation increase is greater than the global mean, which indicates that precipitation in China is highly sensitive to climate warming and further highlights the importance of studying regional responses to climate warming. The fact that extreme precipitation is increasing at a higher rate than precipitation implies that winter precipitation in China will increasingly be of more extreme type in the context of global warming, which could partly explain why there have recently been a number of record-breaking extreme snowfall events in China.SUN JianQi AO Juan 2013Chinese Science Bulletin2013,58,12:24
3A "green pathway" different from simple diffusion in soft matter: Fast molecular transport within micro/nanoscale multiphase porous systems显示文摘Jiantao Feng Fang Wang Xinxiao Han Zhuo Ao Quanmei Sun Wenda Hua Peipei Chen Tianwei Jing Hongyi Li Dong Han 2014Nano Research2014,7,3:18
4Lead?Free Halide Double Perovskite Materials: A New Superstar Toward Green and Stable Optoelectronic Applications显示文摘Lead-based halide perovskites have emerged as excellent semiconductors for a broad range of optoelectronic applications, such as photovoltaics, lighting, lasing and photon detection. However, toxicity of lead and poor stability still represent significant challenges. Fortunately, halide double perovskite materials with formula of A_2M(I)M(III)X_6 or A_2M(IV)X_6 could be potentially regarded as stable and green alternatives for optoelectronic applications, where two divalent lead ions are substituted by combining one monovalent and one trivalent ions, or one tetravalent ion. Here, the article provides an up-to-date review on the developments of halide double perovskite materials and their related optoelectronic applications including photodetectors, X-ray detectors, photocatalyst, light-emitting diodes and solar cells. The synthesized halide double perovskite materials exhibit exceptional stability, and a few possess superior optoelectronic properties. However, the number of synthesized halide double perovskites is limited, and more limited materials have been developed for optoelectronic applications to date. In addition, the band structures and carrier transport properties of the materials are still not desired, and the films still manifest low quality for photovoltaic applications. Therefore, we propose that continuing e orts are needed to develop more halide double perovskites, modulate the properties and grow high-quality films, with the aim of opening the wild practical applications.Liang Chu Waqar Ahmad Wei Liu Jian Yang Rui Zhang Yan Sun Jianping Yang Xing'ao Li 2019Nano-Micro Letters2019,11,1:8
5Extractive distillation: Advances in conceptual design, solvent selection,and separation strategies显示文摘Extractive distillation(ED) is one of the most promising approaches for the separation of the azeotropic or closeboiling mixtures in the chemical industry. The purpose of this paper is to provide a broad overview of the recent development of key aspects in the ED process involving conceptual design, solvent selection, and separation strategies. To obtain the minimum entrainer feed flow rate and reflux ratio for the ED process, the conceptual design of azeotropic mixture separation based on a topological analysis via thermodynamic feasibility insights involving residue curve maps, univolatility lines, and unidistribution curves is presented. The method is applicable to arbitrary multicomponent mixtures and allows direct screening of design alternatives. The determination of a suitable solvent is one of the key steps to ensure an effective and economical ED process. Candidate entrainers can be obtained from heuristics or literature studies while computer aided molecular design(CAMD) has superiority in efficiency and reliability. To achieve optimized extractive distillation systems, a brief review of evaluation method for both entrainer design and selection through CAMD is presented. Extractive distillation can be operated either in continuous extractive distillation(CED) or batch extractive distillation(BED), and both modes have been well-studied depending on the advantages in flexibility and low capital costs. To improve the energy efficiency, several configurations and technological alternatives can be used for both CED and BED depending on strategies and main azeotropic feeds. The challenge and chance of the further ED development involving screening the best potential solvents and exploring the energy-intensive separation strategies are discussed aiming at promoting the industrial application of this environmentally friendly separation technique.Shirui Sun Liping Lü Ao Yang Shun'an Wei Weifeng Shen 2019Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering2019,27,6:6
6Analytical study on pretensioned bolt-cable combined support of large cross-section tunnel显示文摘To study the mechanical responses of large cross-section tunnel reinforced by pretensioned rock bolts and anchor cables, an analytical model is proposed. Considering the interaction between rock mass and bolt-cable support, the strain softening characteristic of rock mass, the elastic-plastic characteristic of bolt-cable support, and the delay effect of installation are considered in the model. To solve the different mechanical cases of tunneling reinforced by bolt-cable support, an analytical approach has been put forward to get the solutions of stress and displacement associated with tunneling. The proposed analytical model is verified by numerical simulation. Moreover, parametric analysis is performed to study the effects of pretension force,cross-section area, length, and supporting density of bolt-cable support on tunnel reinforcement, which can provide references for determining these parameters in tunnel design. Based on the analytical model, a new Ground Response Curve(GRC)considering the reinforcement of bolt-cable support is obtained, which shows the pretension forces and the timely installation are important in bolt-cable support. In addition, the proposed model is applied to the analysis of the Great Wall Station Tunnel, a high-speed railway tunnel with a super large cross-section, which shows that the analytical model of bolt-cable support was a useful tool for preliminary design of large cross-section tunnel.LUO JiWei ZHANG DingLi FANG Qian LI Ao SUN ZhenYu CAO LiQiang 2020Science China(Technological Sciences)2020,63,9:6
7A review:Synthesis,modification and photocatalytic applications of ZnIn_(2)S_(4)显示文摘Solar energy is an ideal energy source for solving energy shortages and serious environmental problems.In the past few decades,photocatalytic technology which uses solar energy to deal with the above problems has caused great interest.ZnIn_(2)S_(4),as a layered ternary metal chalcogenide compound,has a series of advantages such as the wide light absorption range and adjustable bandgap.It has been applied in the different fields of photocatalysis in recent years.This review introduced the crystal structures and growth mechanism of ZnIn_(2)S_(4)and summarized the preparation methods of ZnIn_(2)S_(4).Also,the promoted strategies of ZnIn_(2)S_(4)based photocatalytic system and their applications in the pollutant removal,hydrogen evolution,reduction of CO_(2),nitrogen fixation,and chemical synthesis was summarized.Furthermore,the challenges and development directions of the current ZnIn_(2)S_(4)based photocatalytic system were proposed.It is hoped that this review will help researchers design a better ZnIn_(2)S_(4)based photocatalytic system.Jie Wang Sijia Sun Run Zhou Yangzi Li Zetian He Hao Ding Daimei Chen Weihua Ao 2021Journal of Materials Science & Technology2021,,19:6
8Rational use of mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of autism spectrum disorders显示文摘Autism and autism spectrum disorders(ASD) refer to a range of conditions characterized by impaired social and communication skills and repetitive behaviors caused by different combinations of genetic and environmental influences. Although the pathophysiology underlying ASD is still unclear, recent evidence suggests that immune dysregulation and neuroinflammation play a role in the etiology of ASD. In particular, there is direct evidence supporting a role for maternal immune activation during prenatal life in neurodevelopmental conditions. Currently, the available options of behavioral therapies and pharmacological and supportive nutritional treatments in ASD are only symptomatic. Given the disturbing rise in the incidence of ASD, and the fact that there is no effective pharmacological therapy for ASD, there is an urgent need for new therapeutic options. Mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs) possess immunomodulatory properties that make them relevant to several diseases associated with inflammation and tissue damage. The paracrine regenerative mechanisms of MSCs are also suggested to be therapeutically beneficial for ASD.Thus the underlying pathology in ASD, including immune system dysregulation and inflammation, represent potential targets for MSC therapy. This review willfocus on immune dysfunction in the pathogenesis of ASD and will further discuss the therapeutic potential for MSCs in mediating ASD-related immunological disorders.Qiang Liu Mo-Xian Chen Lin Sun Chloe U Wallis Jian-Song Zhou Li-Juan Ao Qi Li Pak C Sham 2019World Journal of Stem Cells2019,11,2:5
9Effect of lens constants optimization on the accuracy of intraocular lens power calculation formulas for highly myopic eyes显示文摘AIM: To evaluate the effect of different lens constant optimization methods on the accuracy of intraocular lens(IOL) power calculation formulas for highly myopic eyes.METHODS: This study comprised 108 eyes of 94 consecutive patients with axial length(AL) over 26 mm undergoing phacoemulsification and implantation of a Rayner(Hove, UK) 920H IOL. Formulas were evaluated using the following lens constants: manufacturer’s lens constant, User Group for Laser Interference Biometry(ULIB) constant, and optimized constant for long eyes. Results were compared with Barrett Universal II formula, original Wang-Koch AL adjustment method, and modified Wang-Koch AL adjustment method. The outcomes assessed were mean absolute error(MAE) and percentage of eyes with IOL prediction errors within ±0.25, ±0.50, and ±1.0 diopter(D). The nonparametric method, Friedman test, was used to compare MAE performance among constants.RESULTS: Optimized constants could significantly reduce the MAE of SRK/T, Hoffer Q, and Holladay 1 formulas compared with manufacturer’s lens constant, whereas the percentage of eyes with IOL prediction errors within ±0.25, ±0.50, and ±1.0 D had no statistically significant differences. Optimized lens constant for long eyes alone showed non-significant refractive advantages over the ULIB constant. Barrett Universal II formula and formulas with AL adjustment showed significantly higher accuracy in highly myopic eyes(P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Lens constant optimization for the subset of long eyes reduces the refractive error only to a limited extent for highly myopic eyes.Jia-Qing Zhang Xu-Yuan Zou Dan-Ying Zheng Wei-Rong Chen Ao Sun Li-Xia Luo 2019International Journal of Ophthalmology(English edition)2019,12,6:5
10Myofiber necroptosis promotes muscle stem cell proliferation via releasing Tenascin-C during regeneration显示文摘Necroptosis,a form of programmed cell death,is characterized by the loss of membrane integrity and release of intracellular contents,the execution of which depends on the membrane-disrupting activity of the Mixed Lineage Kinase Domain-Like protein(MLKL)upon its phosphorylation.Here we found myofibers committed MLKL-dependent necroptosis after muscle injury.Either pharmacological inhibition of the necroptosis upstream kinase Receptor Interacting Protein Kinases 1(RIPK1)or genetic ablation of MLKL expression in myofibers led to significant muscle regeneration defects.By releasing factors into the muscle stem cell(MuSC)microenvironment,necroptotic myofibers facilitated muscle regeneration.Tenascin-C(TNC),released by necroptotic myofibers,was found to be critical for MuSC proliferation.The temporary expression of TNC in myofibers is tightly controlled by necroptosis;the extracellular release of TNC depends on necroptotic membrane rupture.TNC directly activated EGF receptor(EGFR)signaling pathway in MuSCs through its N-terminus assembly domain together with the EGF-like domain.These findings indicate that necroptosis plays a key role in promoting MuSC proliferation to facilitate muscle regeneration.Shen'ao Zhou Wei Zhang Gaihong Cai Yingzhe Ding Caixia Wei Sheng Li Yu Yang Jie Qin Dan Liu Hao Zhang Xiexiang Shao Jianhua Wang Hongye Wang Wenjun Yang Huating Wang She Chen Ping Hu Liming Sun 2020Cell Research2020,30,12:4
11Cryo-self-assembled silk fibroin sponge as a biodegradable platform for enzyme-responsive delivery of exosomes显示文摘Although advances in protein assembly preparation have provided a new platform for drug delivery during tissue engineering,achieving long-term controlled exosome delivery remains a significant challenge.Diffusion-dominated exosome release using protein hydrogels results in burst release of exosomes.Here,a fibroin-based cryo-sponge was developed to provide controlled exosome release.Fibroin chains can self-assemble into silk I structures under ice-cold conditions when annealed above the glass transition temperature.Exosome release is enzyme-responsive,with rates primarily determined by enzymatic degradation of the scaffolds.In vivo experiments have demonstrated that exosomes remain in undigested sponge material for two months,superior to their retention in fibrin glue,a commonly used biomaterial in clinical practice.Fibroin cryo-sponges were implanted subcutaneously in nude mice.The exosome-containing sponge group exhibited better neovascularization and tissue ingrowth effects,demonstrating the efficacy of this exosome-encapsulating strategy by realizing sustained release and maintaining exosome bioactivity.These silk fibroin cryo-sponges containing exosomes provide a new platform for future studies of exosome therapy.Muyang Sun Qi Li Huilei Yu Jin Cheng Nier Wu Weili Shi Fengyuan Zhao Zhenxing Shao Qingyang Meng Haifeng Chen Xiaoqing Hu Yingfang Ao 2022Bioactive Materials2022,7,2:4
12Influence of MoSi_(2) on oxidation protective ability of TaB_(2)-SiC coating in oxygen-containing environments within a broad temperature range显示文摘TaB_(2)-SiC coating modified by different content of MoSi_(2) was fabricated on graphite substrate with SiC inner coating by liquid phase sintering to elevate the anti-oxidation capability of the TaB_(2)-SiC coatings.As compared to the sample with the TaB_(2)-40wt% SiC coating,the coating sample modified with MoSi_(2) exhibited a weight gain trend at lower temperatures,the fastest weight loss rate went down by 76%,and the relative oxygen permeability value reduced from about 1% to near 0.More importantly,the large amount of SiO_(2) glass phase produced over the coating during oxidation was in contact with the modification of MoSi_(2),which was proved to be beneficial to the dispersion of Ta-oxides.A concomitantly formed continuous Ta-Si-O-B compound glass layer showed excellent capacity to prevent oxygen penetration.However,when the TaB_(2) content was sacrificed to increase the MoSi_(2) content,the relative oxygen permeability of the coating increased instead of decreased.Thus,on the basis of ample TaB_(2) content,increasing the MoSi_(2) content of the coating is conducive to reducing the relative oxygen permeability of the coatings in a broad temperature region.Xuanru REN Junshuai LV Wei LI Yuwen HU Ke SUN Can MA Hong’ao CHU Weiguang WANG Leihua XU Ziyu LI Peizhong FENG 2020Journal of Advanced Ceramics2020,9,6:4
13China's practice to prevent and control COVID-19 in the context of large population movement显示文摘Background:The emerging infectious disease,coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),poses a serious threat in China and worldwide.Challenged by this serious situation,China has taken many measures to contain its transmission.This study aims to systematically review and record these special and effective practices,in hope of benefiting for fighting against the ongoing worldwide pandemic.Methods:The measures taken by the governments was tracked and sorted on a daily basis from the websites of governmental authorities(e.g.National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China).And the measures were reviewed and summarized by categorizations,figures and tables,showing an ever-changing process of combating with an emerging infectious disease.The population shift levels,daily local new diagnosed cases,daily mortality and daily local new cured cases were used for measuring the effect of the measures.Results:The practices could be categorized into active case surveillance,rapid case diagnosis and management,strict follow-up and quarantine of persons with close contacts,and issuance of guidance to help the public understand and adhere to control measures,plus prompt and effective high-level policy decision,complete activation of the public health system,and full involvement of the society.Along with the measures,the population shift levels,daily local new diagnosed cases,and mortality were decreased,and the daily local new cured cases were increased in China.Conclusions:China's practices are effective in controlling transmission of SARS-CoV-2.Considering newly occurred situations(e.g.imported cases,work resumption),the control measures may be adjusted.Tie-Long Xu Mei-Ying Ao Xu Zhou Wei-Feng Zhu He-Yun Nie Jian-He Fang Xin Sun Bin Zheng Xiao-Fan Chen 2020Infectious Diseases of Poverty2020,9,4:4
14Enhancing Reliability via Checkpointing in Cloud Computing Systems显示文摘Cloud computing is becoming an important solution for providing scalable computing resources via Internet. Because there are tens of thousands of nodes in data center, the probability of server failures is nontrivial. Therefore, it is a critical challenge to guarantee the service reliability. Fault-tolerance strategies, such as checkpoint, are commonly employed. Because of the failure of the edge switches, the checkpoint image may become inaccessible. Therefore, current checkpoint-based fault tolerance method cannot achieve the best effect. In this paper, we propose an optimal checkpoint method with edge switch failure-aware. The edge switch failure-aware checkpoint method includes two algorithms. The first algorithm employs the data center topology and communication characteristic for checkpoint image storage server selection. The second algorithm employs the checkpoint image storage characteristic as well as the data center topology to select the recovery server. Simulation experiments are performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.Ao Zhou Qibo Sun Jinglin Li 2017China Communications2017,14,7:4
15Nutritional Quality of Mixed Silage of Lablab purpureus and Sweet Sorghum显示文摘[Objective] The paper was to evaluate the fermentation quality of mixed silage of Lablab purpureus and sweet sorghum,and to find out the appropriate mixing ratio.[Method]L.purpureus were mixed with sweet sorghum at different proportions,to identify the sensory character and quality of silage.[Result]The nutrient content of mixed silage of L.purpureus and sweet sorghum at different proportions decreased significantly at 30-60 d,while no significant changes were observed after 60 d.Mixed silage of L.purpureus and sweet sorghum had the best effort at the proportion of 3∶7; followed by the proportion of 5∶5.These two proportions significantly improved dry matter( DM) content and effectively alleviated the crude protein( CP) loss of raw materials; significantly improved the contents of crude fiber and crude ash; and significantly reduce ammonia nitrogen/total nitrogen( AT/TN).[Conclusion]From the perspective of silage quality,the appropriate mixing ratio of L.purpureus and sweet sorghum is 3∶7 or 5∶5.Liu Hailin Deng Huifen Xu Huaqin Sun Ao 2017Animal Husbandry and Feed Science2017,9,6:4
16Formation of the front-gradient bandgap in the Ag doped CZTSe thin films and solar cells显示文摘The graded bandgap of kesterite based absorber layer is an important way to achieve high efficiency solar cells. Incorporation of Ag into CZTSSe thin films can adjust the bandgap and thus reduce the VOC-deficit and improve the quality of crystallization. However, the distribution of Ag is difficult to control due to the quick diffusion of Ag under the high temperature. In this study, we achieve the front Ag-gradient in kesterite structured compound films by prealloying followed by selenization process at 550 °C. AgZn3,Ag3Sn, and Sn–Ag–Cu alloy phases were formed during prealloying stage at 250 °C. After prealloying process, Ag tends to distribute at the front surface of the ACZTSe thin films. Combining the results of experiment and SCAPS simulation, the significantly VOCimprovement of devices is ascribed to the formation of the front Ag-gradient bandgap structure in the absorber layer. This facile prealloying selenization process affords a feasible method to design the graded bandgap structure absorber layers, which will promote the fabrication of high efficient graded bandgap structure solar cells.Dongxiao Wang Jianyu Wu Xiyu Liu Li Wu Jianping Ao Wei Liu Yun Sun Yi Zhang 2019Journal of Energy Chemistry2019,28,8:4
17Reverse Genetic Analysis of Transcription Factor Os Hox9, a Member of Homeobox Family, in Rice显示文摘Homeobox transcription factors participate in the growth and development of plants by regulating cell differentiation, morphogenesis and environmental signal response. To reveal the functions of these transcription factors in rice, we constructed the RNAi vectors of Os Hox9, a member of homeobox family, and analyzed the function of Os Hox9 using reverse genetics. The plant height and tillering number of RNAi transgenic plants decreased compared with those of wild-type plants. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that Os Hox9 expression reduced in the transgenic plants with phenotypic variance, whereas that in the transgenic plants without phenotypic variance was similar to that in the wild-type plants. This result suggests that the phenotypes of the transgenic plants were caused by RNAi effects. The tissue-specificity of Os Hox9 expression indicated that it was expressed in different organs, with high expression in stem apical meristem and young panicles. Subcellular location of Os Hox9 demonstrated that it was localized on the cell membrane.AI Li-ping SHEN Ao GAO Zhi-chao LI Zheng-long SUN Qiong-lin LI Ying-ying LUAN Wei-jiang 2014Rice science2014,21,6:4
18Prevalence and influential factors of erectile dysfunction in male renal transplant recipients: a multiple center survey显示文摘背景肾移植能为接受者改进生活的质量,但是他们的性生活的质量可能没被改进。这研究被进行在男性研究可勃起的机能障碍(编辑) 和有影响的因素的流行肾移植接受者(RTR ).Methods 代表性的调查在三个肾的移植中心被进行。结构化的问询表是到 824 男性的管理 by trained 接见者肾移植谁在编辑的最后 6 months.Results 抱怨有活跃性生活的病人被 809 RTR 中的75.5%个报导(年龄范围 19-75 年,吗吝啬的年龄( 45 ?????????????????????????琠慲獮汰湡獴吮敨?????????????牴慥浴湥?敍桴摯??六?TIAN Ye JI Zheng-guo TANG Ya-wang ZHANG Lei LU Wen-cheng LIN Jun GUO Hong-bo XIE Ze-lin SUN Wen DU Lin-dong AO Jian-hua MA Lin-lin CHEN Li-sheng XU Yuan-cheng 2008Chinese Medical Journal2008,,9:4
19Effect of Ca modification on the elemental composition, microstructure and tensile properties of Al?7Si?0.3Mg alloy显示文摘The effect of Ca addition on the elemental composition,microstructure,Brinell hardness and tensile properties of Al-7 Si-0.3 Mg alloy were investigated.The residual content of Ca in the alloy linearly increased with the amount of Ca added to the melt.The optimal microstructure and properties were obtained by adding 0.06 wt%Ca to Al-7 Si-0.3 Mg alloy.The secondary dendrite arm spacing(SDAS)of the primaryαphase decreased from 44.41μm to 19.4μm,and the eutectic Si changed from coarse plates to fine coral.The length of the Fe-rich phase(β-Al5 Fe Si)decreased from 30.2μm to 3.8μm,and the Brinell hardness can reach to 66.9.The ultimate tensile strength,yield strength,and elongation of the resulting alloy increased from 159.5 MPa,79 MPa,and 2.5%to 212 MPa,86.5 MPa,and 4.5%,respectively.The addition of Ca can effectively refine the primaryαphase and modify the eutectic Si phase,likely because Ca enrichment at the front of the solid-liquid interface led to undercooling of the alloy,reduced the growth rate of the primaryαphase,and refined the grain size.Also,it could increase the latent heat of crystallization,undercooling,and the nucleation rate of eutectic Si,which was beneficial to the improvement of the morphology of eutectic Si.Jia-hong Zhang Shu-ming Xing Xiao-hui Ao Peng Sun Ru-fen Wang 2019International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials2019,26,11:3
20A Secure Key Management Scheme for Heterogeneous Secure Vehicular Communication Systems显示文摘Intelligent transportation system(ITS)is proposed as the most effective way to improve road safety and traffic efficiency.However,the future of ITS for large scale transportation infrastructures deployment highly depends on the security level of vehicular communication systems(VCS).Security applications in VCS are fulfilled through secured group broadcast.Therefore,secure key management schemes are considered as a critical research topic for network security.In this paper,we propose a framework for providing secure key management within heterogeneous network:The security managers(SMs)play a key role in the framework by retrieving the vehicle departure information,encapsulating block to transport keys and then executing rekeying to vehicles within the same security domain.The first part of this framework is a novel Group Key Management(GKM)scheme basing on leaving probability(LP)of vehicles to depart current VCS region.Vehicle's LP factor is introduced into GKM scheme to achieve a more efficient rekeying scheme and less rekeying costs.The second component of the framework using the blockchain concept to simplify the distributed key management in heterogeneous VCS domains.Extensive simulations and analysis are provided to show the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed framework:Our GKM results demonstrate that probability-based BR reduces rekeying cost compared to the benchmark scheme,while the blockchain decreases the time cost of key transmission over heterogeneous networks.LEI Ao Chibueze Ogah Philip Asuquo Haitham Cruickshank SUN Zhili 2016ZTE Communications2016,14,B06:3
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