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| 1 | Transplantation of Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell Ameliorates the Autoimmune Pathogenesis in MRL/lpr Mice显示文摘Recent evidence indicates that mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) possess immunosuppressive properties both in vitro and in vivo. We previously demonstrated the functional abnormality of bone marrow derived MSC in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In this study, we aimed to investigate whether transplantation of human bone marrow derived MSC affects the autoimmune pathogenesis in MRL/lpr mice. We found that human MSC from healthy donors reduced the proliferation of T lymphocytes from MRL/lpr mice in a dose-dependent fashion. Two weeks after in vivo transfer of MSC, we detected significantly reduced serum levels of anti ds-DNA antibodies and 24 hour proteinuria in MRL/lpr mice as compared with control groups without MSC transplantation. Moreover, flow cytometric analysis revealed markedly reduced number of CD4+ T cells while increased Th1 subpopulation in MSC group and MSC + CTX group when compared with controls. Histopathological examination showed significantly reduced renal pathology in MSC-treated mice. Immunohistochemical studies further revealed reduced expression of TGF-β, FN, VEGF and the deposition of complement C3 in renal tissue after MSC and MSC + CTX treatment. Taken together, we have demonstrated that transplantation of human MSC can significantly inhibit the autoimmune progression in MRL/lpr mice. | Kangxing Zhou Huayong Zhang Ouyang Jin Xuebing Feng Genhong Yao Yayi Hou Lingyun Sun | 2008 | Cellular & Molecular Immunology2008，5，6： | 59 |
| 2 | Modeling and Simulation on Axial Piston Pump Based on Virtual Prototype Technology显示文摘A particular emphasis is placed on the virtual prototype technology(VPT) of axial piston pump.With this technology it is convenient and flexible to build a complicated 3D virtual based on real physical model.The actual kinematics pairs of the parts were added on the model.The fluid characters were calculated by hydraulic software.The shape of the parts, the flexible body of parts, etc were improved in this prototype.So the virtual prototype of piston pump can work in computer like a real piston pump, and the flow ripple, pressure pulsation, motion principle, stress of parts, etc can be investigated.The development of the VPT is introduced at the beginning, and the modeling process of the virtual prototype is explained.Then a special emphasis is laid on the relationship between the dynamics model and the hydraulic model, and the simulations on the flow ripple, pressure pulsation, motion principle, the stress and strain distribution of the middle shaft and piston are operated.Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of the VPT are discussed.The improved virtual prototype of piston pump more tally with the real situation and the VPT has a great potential in simulation on hydraulic components. | ZHANG Bin XU Bing XIA Chunlin YANG Huayong | 2009 | Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering2009，22，1： | 29 |
| 3 | Investigation on structural optimization of anti-overturning slipper of axial piston pump显示文摘Improving the carrying ability of oil film between slipper and swash plate and reducing the partial abrasion of slipper are important to improve the service life and reliability of axial piston pump.In this paper,a numerical simulation model was developed for slipper/swash-plate friction pair based on the elastohydrodynamic theory.The dynamic micro-motion and pressure distribution of slipper were analyzed and it was pointed out that the tilt of slipper was the main reason for its partial abrasion.The simulations about the slippers with different slopes on the outer edge of the sealing belt showed that the partial abrasion could reduce the carrying ability and increase the leakage of the slipper/swash-plate pair.The proper slope on the inner edge helped to improve the carrying ability and reduce the leakage of slipper.The experimental tests were in accord with the simulation results to a great extent,showing that the simulation model had a high accuracy and could be applied to the design and optimization of slipper,and that the slipper with optimal inner slope provided an encouraging method to improve the efficiency and reliability of axial piston pump. | XU Bing ZHANG JunHui YANG HuaYong | 2012 | Science China(Technological Sciences)2012，55，11： | 30 |
| 4 | Investigation on the Radial Micro-motion about Piston of Axial Piston Pump显示文摘The limit working parameters and service life of axial piston pump are determined by the carrying ability and lubrication characteristic of its key friction pairs. Therefore, the design and optimization of the key friction pairs are always a key and difficult problem in the research on axial piston pump. In the traditional research on piston/cylinder pair, the assembly relationship of piston and cylinder bore is simplified into ideal cylindrical pair, which can not be used to analyze the influences of radial micro-motion of piston on the distribution characteristics of oil-film thickness and pressure in details. In this paper, based on the lubrication theory of the oil film, a numerical simulation model is built, taking the influences of roughness, elastic deformation of piston and pressure-viscosity effect into consideration. With the simulation model, the dynamic characteristics of the radial micro-motion and pressure distribution are analyzed, and the relationships between radial micro-motion and carrying ability, lubrication condition, and abrasion are discussed. Furthermore, a model pump for pressure distribution measurement of oil film between piston and cylinder bore is designed. The comparison of simulation and experimental results of pressure distribution shows that the simulation model has high accuracy. The experiment and simulation results demonstrate that the pressure distribution has peak values that are much higher than the boundary pressure in the piston chamber due to the radial micro-motion, and the abrasion of piston takes place mainly on the hand close to piston ball. In addition, improvement of manufacturing roundness and straightness of piston and cylinder bore is helpful to improve the carrying ability of piston/cylinder pair. The proposed research provides references for designing piston/cylinder pair, and helps to prolong the service life of axial piston pump. | XU Bing ZHANG Junhui YANG Huayong ZHANG Bin | 2013 | Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering2013，26，2： | 26 |
| 5 | Flow Ripple of Axial Piston Pump with Computational Fluid Dynamic Simulation Using Compressible Hydraulic Oil显示文摘The flow ripple, which is the source of noise in an axial piston pump, is widely studied today with the computational fluid dynamic(CFD) technology development. In the traditional CFD modeling, the fluid compressibility, which strongly influences the accuracy of the flow ripple simulation results, is often neglected. So a compressible sub-model was added with user defined function(UDF) in the CFD model to predict the flow ripple. At the same time, a test rig of flow ripple was built to study the validity of simulation. The flow ripple of pump was tested with different working parameters, including the rotation speed and the working pressure. The comparisons with experimental results show that the validity of the CFD model with compressible hydraulic oil is acceptable in analyzing the flow ripple characteristics. In this paper, the improved CFD model increases the accuracy of flow ripple rate to about one-magnitude order. Therefore, the compressible model of hydraulic oil is necessary in the flow ripple investigation of CFD simulation. The compressibility of hydraulic oil has significant effect on flow ripple, and the compression ripple takes about 88% of the total flow ripple of pump. Leakage ripple has the lowest proportion of about 4%, and geometrical ripple leakage ripple takes the remnant 8%. Besides, the influence of working parameters was investigated through the CFD simulations and experimental measurements. Comparison results show that the amplitude of flow ripple grows with the increasing of rotation speed and working pressure, and the flow ripple rate is independent of the rotation speed. However, flow ripple rate of piston pump grows with the increasing of working pressure, because the leakage ripple will increase with the pressure growing. The investigation on flow ripple of an axial piston pump using compressible hydraulic oil provides a more validity simulation model for the CFD analyzing and is beneficial to further understanding of the flow ripple characteristics in an axial piston pump. | MA Ji'en XU Bing ZHANG Bin YANG Huayong | 2010 | Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering2010，23，1： | 21 |
| 6 | A Pilot Study of the Therapeutic Efficacy and Mechanism of Artesunate in the MRL/lpr Murine Model of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus显示文摘Recent evidence indicates that artesunate has immunomodulatory properties that might be useful for treating autoimmune disease.In this study,we conducted a pilot study and explored the effect and mechanism of artesunate on the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus using an MRL/lpr murine model.MRL/lpr mice were divided into control,cyclophosphamide(CTX)and artesunate treatment groups.Blood was collected to measure serum levels of creatinine,antinuclear antibody(ANA)and anti-double-stranded DNA(anti-dsDNA)antibody.Twenty-four-hour urine was collected to measure levels of proteinuria.The concentration of monocyte chemotactic protein-1(MCP-1)in serum and urine was measured.The expression of MCP-1 in kidney was detected by Western blot and immunohistochemistry assay,respectively.The expression of B cell activating factor(BAFF)in spleen was determined by real time-PCR and immunoblotting.We found that artesunate significantly increased the survival rate,body weight and blood leukocyte counts,and reduced the serum levels of ANA and anti-dsDNA antibody titer,24 h urinary protein,and serum creatinine.Our results indicated that artesunate could decrease MCP-1,major pro-inflammation cytokine,in serum,urine and kidney.We also found that the level of BAFF,the major B cell activation factor,was decreased in artesunate treated MRL/lpr mice.Its efficacy was comparable with that of CTX in this study.Taken together,we have demonstrated that artesunate can inhibit the progression of disease and reverse the pathologic lesion of lupus nephritis. | Ouyang Jin Huayong Zhang Zhifeng Gu Shengnan Zhao Ting Xu Kangxing Zhou Bo Jiang Jie Wang Xiaofeng Zeng Lingyun Sun | 2009 | Cellular & Molecular Immunology2009，6，6： | 20 |
| 7 | 3D bioprinting: an emerging technology full of opportunities and challenges显示文摘 | Bin Zhang Yichen Luo Liang Ma Lei Gao Yuting Li Qian Xue Huayong Yang Zhanfeng Cui | 2018 | Bio-Design and Manufacturing2018，1，1： | 13 |
| 8 | Adsorption of mixed cationic-nonionic surfactant and its effect on bentonite structure显示文摘The adsorption of cationic-nonionic mixed surfactant onto bentonite and its effect on bentonite structure were investigated.The objective was to improve the understanding of surfactant behavior on clay mineral for its possible use in remediation technologies of soil and groundwater contaminated by toxic organic compounds.The cationic surfactant used was hexadecylpyridinium bromide(HDPB),and the nonionic surfactant was Triton X-100(TX100).Adsorption of TX100 was enhanced significantly by the addition of HDPB,but this enhancement decreased with an increase in the fraction of the cationic surfactant.Part of HDPB was replaced by TX100 which decreased the adsorption of HDPB.However,the total adsorbed amount of the mixed surfactant was still increased substantially,indicating the synergistic effect between the cationic and nonionic surfactants.The surfactant-modified bentonite was characterized by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area measurement,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,and thermogravimetric-derivative thermogravimetric/differential thermal analyses.Surfactant intercalation was found to decrease the bentonite specific surface area,pore volume,and surface roughness and irregularities,as calculated by nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms.The co-adsorption of the cationic and nonionic surfactants increased the ordering conformation of the adsorbed surfactants on bentonite,but decreased the thermal stability of the organobentonite system. | Yaxin Zhang Yan Zhao Yong Zhu Huayong Wu Hongtao Wang Wenjing Lu | 2012 | Journal of Environmental Sciences2012，24，8： | 12 |
| 9 | CD4^(+)CD25^(+)but not CD4^(+)Foxp3^(+) T cells as a regulatory subset in primary biliary cirrhosis显示文摘Increasing evidence indicates a role for regulatory T cells(Tregs)in the immune response and in autoimmune diseases,but the role of Tregs and cytokines in autoimmune hepatic diseases remains largely unclear and controversial,especially in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis(PBC).This study was undertaken to investigate Tregs and different cytokines in the liver and peripheral blood of PBC patients.We found that these patients demonstrated a reduction of CD4^(+)CD25^(+) T cells but elevated CD4^(+)Foxp3^(+) T cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs)and CD41 T cells.The percentage of CD4^(+)CD25^(+) T cells in PBMCs was negatively correlated with elevated plasma interferon(IFN)-c levels.A liver-specific analysis showed that the frequency of Foxp31 Tregs,transforming growth factor(TGF)-b1 and IFN-c were increased in PBC patients.Our findings suggest that an imbalance between CD4^(+)CD25^(+) Tregs and cytotoxic cytokines plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of PBC while the role of Foxp3 needs further investigation. | Dandan Wang Huayong Zhang Jun Liang Zhifeng Gu Qiang Zhou Xiangshan Fan Yayi Hou Lingyun Sun | 2010 | Cellular & Molecular Immunology2010，7，6： | 9 |
| 10 | Ultrasonographic evaluation of enthesitis in patients with ankylosing spondylitis显示文摘The aim of this study was to assess sensitivity and responsiveness of power Doppler ultrasound(PDUS) in detecting enthesitis for ankylosing spondylitis(AS) patients compared to clinical examinations.Twenty AS patients initiating etanerceptunderwent clinical and PDUS examinations of six bilateral entheseal sites at baseline and after 1,2 and 3 months of treatment.Clinical and PDUS examinations identified at least one entheseal lesion in nine(45%)and 19(95%) patients,respectively.Furthermore,of 240 entheseal sites examined in these 20 patients,PDUS detected 123 entheseal lesions(51.3%of sites),compared with only 47 entheseal lesions(19.6%) detected by clinical examination(P<0.05).The entheseal lesions found on PDUS were most commonly identified by calcification(33.3%),tendon edema(29.2%),abnormal blood flow(25.8%),a thickened tendon(22.1%),cortical irregularity(12.9%),bony erosions(9.6%) and bursitis at the tendon insertion to the bone cortex(7.1%).Improvements in clinical symptoms and laboratory parameters,and significant decreases in PDUS scores were observed following treatment with etanercept.Improvements in PDUS scores continued during follow-up in patients who entered remission following treatment.In conclusion,PDUS improves detection of structural and inflammatory abnormalities of the enthesis in AS compared to physical examination.In addition,PDUS may be useful inascertaining medications. | Huayong Zhang Jun Liang Junlan Qiu Fan Wang Lingyun Sun | 2017 | The Journal of Biomedical Research2017，31，2： | 6 |
| 11 | Water-Assisted Injection Molding System Based on Water Hydraulic Proportional Control Technique显示文摘Water-assisted injection molding(WAIM), an innovative process to mold plastic parts with hollow sections, is characterized with intermittent, periodic process and large pressure and flow rate variation. Energy savings and injection pressure control can not be attained based on conventional valve control system. Moreover, the injection water can not be supplied directly by water hydraulic proportional control system. Poor efficiency and control performance are presented by current trial systems, which pressurize injection water by compressed air. In this paper, a novel water hydraulic system is developed applying an accumulator for energy saving. And a new differential pressure control method is proposed by using pressure cylinder and water hydraulic proportional pressure relief valve for back pressure control. Aiming at design of linear controller for injection water pressure regulation, a linear load model is approximately built through computational fluid dynamics(CFD) simulation on two-phase flow cavity filling process with variable temperature and viscosity, and a linear model of pressure control system is built with the load model and linearization of water hydraulic components. According to the simulation, model based feedback is brought forward to compensate the pressure decrease during accumulator discharge and eliminate the derivative element of the system. Meanwhile, the steady-state error can be reduced and the capacity of resisting disturbance can be enhanced, by closed-loop control of load pressure with integral compensation. Through the developed experimental system in the State Key Lab of Fluid Power Transmission and Control, Zhejiang University, China, the static characteristic of the water hydraulic proportional relief valve was tested and output pressure control of the system in Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene(ABS) parts molding experiments was also studied. The experiment results show that the dead band and hysteresis of the water hydraulic proportional pressure relief valve are large, but the control precision and linearity can be improved with feed-forward compensation. With the experimental results of injection water pressure control, the applicability of this WAIM system and the effect of its linear controller are verified. The novel proposed process of WAIM pressure control and study on characteristics of control system contribute to the application of water hydraulic proportional control and WAIM technology. | ZHOU Hua ZHANG Zengmeng GAO Yuan'an YANG Huayong | 2010 | Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering2010，23，4： | 5 |
| 12 | 3D Bioprinting:A Novel Avenue for Manufacturing Tissues and Organs显示文摘Three-dimensional(3D)bioprinting is a rapidly growing technology that has been widely used in tissue engineering,disease studies,and drug screening.It provides the unprecedented capacity of depositing various types of biomaterials,cells,and biomolecules in a layer-by-layer fashion,with precisely controlled spatial distribution.This technology is expected to address the organ-shortage issue in the future.In this review,we first introduce three categories of 3D bioprinting strategies:inkjet-based printing(IBP),extrusion-based printing(EBP),and light-based printing(LBP).Biomaterials and cells,which are normally referred to as“bioinks,”are then discussed.We also systematically describe the recent advancements of 3D bioprinting in fabricating cell-laden artificial tissues and organs with solid or hollow structures,including cartilage,bone,skin,muscle,vascular network,and so on.The development of organs-onchips utilizing 3D bioprinting technology for drug discovery and toxicity testing is reviewed as well.Finally,the main challenges in current studies and an outlook of the future research of 3D bioprinting are discussed. | Bin Zhang Lei Gao Liang Ma Yichen Luo Huayong Yang Zhanfeng Cui | 2019 | Engineering2019，5，4： | 5 |
| 13 | Dosimetric evaluation of VMAT radiation therapy technique for breast cancer after conservative surgery based on three different types of multileaf collimators显示文摘Objective Radiotherapy combined with conservative surgery plays an important role in the treatment of early-stage breast cancer. Volumetric modulated arc therapy(VMAT) has been introduced into clinical practice. The purpose of this study was to investigate the dosimetric effects of different multileaf collimators(MLC) on VMAT radiotherapy plans for treating breast cancer.Methods Fifteen breast cancer patients who were treated using a conventional technique in our department were selected to participate in this retrospective analysis. VMAT plans based on three types of Elekta MLCs [Beam Modulator(BM) with 4-mm leaf width, Agility with 5-mm leaf width and MLCi2 with 10-mm leaf width] were independently generated for each patient. Plan comparisons were performed based on dose-volume histogram(DVH) analysis including dosimetric parameters such as the homogeneity index(HI), conformity index(CI), Dmax, Dmin, and Dmean for the planning treatment volume(PTV), in addition to dose-volume parameters for the organs at risk(OARs). The delivery efficiency of the three types of MLCs was compared in terms of the beam delivery time and the monitor units(MUs) per fraction for each plan. Results Both target uniformity and conformity were improved in plans for Agility and BM MLC compared with the plan using MLCi2. The mean HI decreased from 1.14 for MLCi2 to 1.13 for BM and 1.10 for Agility, while the mean CI increased from 0.68 for MLCi2 to 0.73 for BM and 0.75 for Agility. Furthermore, at both low and high dose levels, smaller volumes of ipsilateral lung, heart, contralateral lung, and breast were irradiated with Agility MLC than with the other two types of MLCs. The delivery time with Agility MLC was reduced by 10.8% and 32.1%, respectively, compared with that for MLCi2 and BM.Conclusion Our results indicate that the Agility MLC exhibits a dosimetric advantage and a significant improvement in delivery efficiency for the treatment of breast cancer using VMAT. | Fuli Zhang Weidong Xu Huayong Jiang Yadi Wang Junmao Gao Qingzhi Liu | 2018 | Oncology and Translational Medicine2018，4，5： | 4 |
| 14 | Keep Healthcare Workers Safe:Application of Teleoperated Robot in Isolation Ward for COVID‑19 Prevention and Control显示文摘At the time of writing,the coronavirus disease(COVID-19)has affected 212 countries and territories across the globe.According to the world health organization(WHO),a total number of 4,735,622 confirmed cases,including 316,289 deaths was reported[1].In the fight against COVID-19,nurses,doctors,and other healthcare workers are in the front line of the battle bearing the higher risk of infection[2].The International Council of Nurses(ICN)gathered further information to suggest that more than 90,000 healthcare workers have been infected worldwide[3].Personal protective equipment(PPE)shortage is one of the key factors increasing the infection risk for the medical staffs.Therefore,finding alternative ways to lower the infection risk has become an urgent problem to be solved. | Geng Yang Honghao Lv Zhiyu Zhang Liu Yang Jia Deng Siqi You Juan Du Huayong Yang | 2020 | Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering2020，33，3： | 4 |
| 15 | Simulation and Experiment Research on the Proportional Pressure Control of Water-assisted Injection Molding显示文摘Water-assisted injection molding(WAIM),a newly developed fluid-assisted injection molding technology has drawn more and more attentions for the energy saving,short cooling circle time and high quality of products.Existing research for the process of WAIM has shown that the pressure control of the injecting water is mostly important for the WAIM.However,the proportional pressure control for the WAIM system is quite complex due to the existence of nonlinearities in the water hydraulic system.In order to achieve better pressure control performance of the injecting water to meet the requirements of the WAIM,the proportional pressure control of the WAIM system is investigated both numerically and experimentally.A newly designed water hydraulic system for WAIM is first modeled in AMEsim environment,the load characteristics and the nonlinearities of water hydraulic system are both considered,then the main factors affecting the injecting pressure and load flow rate are extensively studied.Meanwhile,an open-loop model-based compensation control strategy is employed to regulate the water injection pressure and a feedback proportional integrator controller is further adopted to achieve better control performance.In order to verify the AMEsim simulation results WAIM experiment for particular Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene(ABS) parts is implemented and the measured experimental data including injecting pressure and flow rate results are compared with the simulation.The good coincidence between experiment and simulation shows that the AMEsim model is accurate,and the tracking performance of the load pressure indicates that the proposed control strategy is effective for the proportional pressure control of the nonlinear WAIM system.The proposed proportional pressure control strategy and the conclusions drawn from simulation and experiment contribute to the application of water hydraulic proportional control and WAIM technology. | ZHOU Hua CHEN Yinglong ZHANG Zengmeng YANG Huayong | 2012 | Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering2012，25，3： | 3 |
| 16 | CCAR1 5' UTR as a natural miRancer of miR-1254 overrides tamoxifen resistance显示文摘 | Gaopeng Li Xiaoli Wu Wenchang Qian Huayong Cai Xinbao Sun Weijie Zhang Sheng Tan Zhengsheng Wu Pengxu Qian Keshuo Ding Xuefei Lu Xiao Zhang Hong Yan Haifeng Song Shouhong Guang Qingfa Wu Peter E Lobie Ge Shan Tao Zhu | 2016 | Cell Research2016，26，6： | 3 |
| 17 | Evolution and functional analysis of the Pif97 gene of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas显示文摘 | Xiaotong WANG Xiaorui SONG Tong WANG Qihui ZHU Guoying MIAO Yuanxin CHEN Xiaodong FANG Huayong QUE Li LI Guofan ZHANG | 2013 | Current Zoology2013，59，1： | 3 |
| 18 | Experimental study on high viscosity fluid micro-droplet jetting system显示文摘 | XiaYun Shu HongHai Zhang HuaYong Liu Dan Xie JunFeng Xiao | 2010 | Science in China Series E: Technological Sciences2010，，1： | 2 |
| 19 | Comparison of the effects of two typesof multileaf collimators on tumor control probabilityin radiotherapy for breast cancer after conservativesurgery based on the EUD model显示文摘Objective To compute and compare the tumor control probability(TCP) of volumetric modulated arc therapy(VMAT) for breast cancer after conservative surgery based on two types of multileaf collimator(MLC) through a retrospective planning study.Methods For a group of 9 patients diagnosed with left breast cancer,VMAT plan based on Agility MLC and beam modulator(BM) MLC were designed.The prescription dose was 50 Gy covering at least 95% of the planning target volume,2 Gy per fraction.TCPs were calculated according to dose-volume histogram(DVH) analysis.Results The TCP of the BM VMAT plan was slightly higher than that of the Agility VMAT plan(94.61% vs 94.23%) but was inferior with respect to delivery efficiency;the delivery time was reduced for Agility VMAT plan by 35% compared to BM VMAT plan.Conclusion For breast cancer radiation therapy after conservative surgery,BM VMAT plans provide slightly higher TCP while the delivery of Agility VMAT plans is significantly faster than the BM VMAT plans. | Fuli Zhang Yadi Wang Weidong Xu Huayong Jiang Junmao Gao Qingzhi Liu Na Lu Diandian Chen Bo Yao Jun Hou Heliang He Jianping Chen | 2017 | Oncology and Translational Medicine2017，3，2： | 2 |
| 20 | The seasonal variability of an air-sea heat flux in the northern South China Sea显示文摘The seasonal variabilities of a latent-heat flux (LHF), a sensible-heat flux (SHF) and net surface heat flux are examined in the northern South China Sea (NSCS), including their spatial characteristics, using the in situ data collected by ship from 2006 to 2007. The spatial distribution of LHF in the NSCS is mostly controlled by wind in summer and autumn owing to the lower vertical gradient of air humidity, but is influenced by both wind and near-surface air humidity vertical gradient in spring and winter. The largest area-averaged LHF is in autumn, with the value of 197.25 W/m 2 , followed by that in winter; the third and the forth are in summer and spring, respectively. The net heat flux is positive in spring and summer, so the NSCS absorbs heat; and the solar shortwave radiation plays the most important role in the surface heat budget. In autumn and winter, the net heat flux is negative in most of the observation region, so the NSCS loses heat; and the LHF plays the most important role in the surface heat budget. The net heating is mainly a result of the offsetting between heating due to the shortwave radiation and cooling due to the LHF and the upward (outgoing) long wave radiation, since the role of SHF is negligible. The ratio of the magnitudes of the three terms (shortwave radiation to LHF to long-wave radiation) averaged over the entire year is roughly 3:2:1, and the role of SHF is the smallest. | ZHANG Yan WANG Dongxiao XIA Huayong ZENG Lili | 2012 | Acta Oceanologica Sinica2012，31，5： | 2 |
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